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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.

MONOGRAPHS

OF THE

D I P T E R A

OF

NORTH AMERICA.

PREPARED FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

BY

H. L E W.

PART I.

EDITED, WITH ADDITIONS,

BY

R. OSTEN SAC KEN.

WASHINGTON:
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

APRIL, 1862.

ADVERTISEMENT.

THE present publication is the first part of a work on North
American Diptera in process of preparation by Dr. H. Loew, of
Meseritz, Prussia (one of the highest living authorities on the
subject), undertaken at the especial request of the Smithsonian
Institution.' The materials have been derived principally from
the collection of Baron R. Osten Sacken, of the Russian Legation
in Washington, kindly intrusted to the author for examination.

As explained by Dr. Loew, the work will appear in monographs
of genera and families, sufficient materials being at hand for illus-
trating particular groups only, without relation to their systematic
sequence.

The Institution is under obligations to Baron Osten Sacken for
editing the work, adding species described by Dr. Loew subse-
quent to the reception of his manuscript, and for correcting the
proofs. He has also added a monograph of the Cecidomyidce, a
group of much interest, and one to which it was considered of
importance to call the early attention of investigators.

JOSEPH HENRY,

Secretary S. I.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,

WASHINGTON, March, 1862.

ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION, JCLT, 1861.

PHILADELPHIA:
COLLINS, PRINTER.

PREFACE,

THE impulse to write on North American Diptcra was given
to me by Baron Osten-Sacken, who, first by sending me rich
collections of such Diptera and finally by intrusting me with the
greatest part of his own Diptera collected in North America, has
enabled me to undertake this task, and, I hope, with some success.
If my observations had been written in German, and published in
any of our German Transactions, I should have had good reason
to fear that the results would not become sufficiently known in
North America, and would at all events be longer in obtaining
access there. I resolved, therefore, to give them in English, and
the Smithsonian Institution in Washington has added to the many
proofs it has already given of an energetic furtherance of any
studies relative to the natural history of North America, the
liberal resolution to print rny paper on North American Diptera
at its own expense. If these papers, according to my intention,
contribute to the increase of the study of this interesting order of
insects, the principal thanks are due to the Institution and to
Baron Osten-Sacken. As for the English text, I use, it is true,
the assistance and advice of a friend who is well acquainted with
the English language ; should, nevertheless, some roughness occur,
I beg that it may be attributed to some supplementary alterations
of my own, which circumstances prevented me from submitting
to him. I hope that shortcomings of this kind will be kindly over-
looked, provided my descriptions be not deficient in precision and
clearness. As I do not wish to remain the sole describer of
N. A. Diptera, but hope soon to have many fellow-laborers, I
take the liberty of pointing out briefly what, in my opinion,
should be chiefly borne in mind in making and publishing such
descriptions. "Without any disposition to find fault with others, I
believe I may be permitted some remarks, since for the last twenty

Tl PREFACE.

years I have been occupied with the study of Diptera, and have
been obliged to spend many hours in identifying (how often fruit-
lessly!) the published descriptions. What renders the identi-
fication of a very great number of the existing descriptions so
very difficult, is the inexactness of the system used. For however
natural the axiom may appear, that a new species is only to be
located in the genus to which it really belongs, it is so little re-
spected by most dipterological writers, that a long list could be
made out of the instances in which they have sinned against it; in-
deed the number of cases, in which a new species has been placed
in a wrong family, is not small. It is not even always sufficient
to place it in the right genus, for as soon as this genus is at all
numerous in species, or the species are difficult to distinguish, the
peculiar group of the genns to which the new species belongs
should be pointed out, and if among the species already well
known there are any very similar to those described, they ought
of necessity to be specially mentioned. Consequently only those
entomologists will publish new Diptera with success, who are
completely acquainted with the system of this order of insects,
whereas he who has a defective knowledge of it, far from advancing
science, lays impediments in its way. The first task, then, for
those who intend to come forth with satisfactory papers on the
field of Dipterology, will of course be to acquire a most complete
and sure knowledge of the system.

As an introduction to the following essays of a more mono-
graphic character, will be found a short sketch of the terminology
of Diptera, as well as one of the dipterological system. The latter
afforded me an opportunity of giving an outline of the North Ame-
rican dipterological fauna, as far as known to me at present. An
elaborate classification, equally detailed in all its parts, would
require not only a larger amount of materials than I have at my
disposal, but also, in order to be intelligible, a considerable num-
ber of plates. I am compelled, therefore, to give up such an un-
dertaking for the present, I hope, however, to be able to execute
it at some future time. Although I trust that my short sketch
will prove of some help to the student, by furnishing him occasion-
ally a useful hint, or guiding him aright in general, it will be readily
understood that in the prosecution of the study he will require more
detailed information. I will, therefore, briefly indicate the works
in which he may find it : Meigen's Zweiflugelige Insecten (7 vols.

PREFACE. Vll

8vo.) is still the best work, exhibiting the dipterological system,
lu order to obtain information on the progress which science has
made since Meigen's age, this work may be followed by the study
of Walker's Diptera Britannica. The excellent plates by Mr.
Westvvood, and the systematic arrangement prepared for the most
part by Mr. Haliday, give to this work a value not shared by Mr.
Walker's other publications. Xext to these I would name Mr.
Macquart's Dipteres Exotiques, a work which, notwithstanding the
errors in many of its figures and the carelessness of nearly all the
descriptions, affords a great deal of useful information about the
systematic arrangement of Diptera.

After having acquired a general knowledge of the system by
the study of these three works (or, if not familiar with the German
language, of the two latter only), the best plan will be to con-
centrate special study on one, or, at the utmost, on a few families
of Diptera, and to consult the monographic papers relative to
them, which are not difficult to procure, in order to obtain a com-
plete and sure knowledge of characters within a more limited field.
For even the smallest field will always be found wide enough to
afford opportunities for the most interesting discoveries. This
mode of obtaining a knowledge of the system capable of serving
as a solid foundation to valuable publications is certainly a long
and tedious one. It may be considerably facilitated, however, by
the use of a well determined collection of typical specimens of all
the families and genera, and it will afford me much pleasure to ex-
tend all assistance in my power to those who may prefer the latter
course ; for both my wish to become better acquainted with the
Diptera of North America and their desire to study the system
might well coincide to supply the wants of both parties.

I am always ready to send in exchange for well preserved N. A.
Diptera forwarded to me (address Mr. H. Loew, Meseritz, Prussia)
a reasonable equivalent in accurately named representatives of the
genera. I should probably be obliged, in most cases, to send only
European specimens, whereas, perhaps, it would seem more de-
sirable to have N. A. species. But the number of species occur-
ring in perfect identity both in Europe and Xorth America is
so surprisingly large, and, besides, there are so many N. A. spe-
cies exceedingly resembling well-known European ones, that the
best foundation for the study of N. A. Diptera would be a com-
plete collection of European species. It will be very useful to

Vlll PREFACE.

both parties, if those who desire an exchange would remember
that the smaller and smallest species possess the greatest interest
for me, and if they would at the same time point out to me such
families as they are chiefly desirous of knowing. Moreover, it will
be necessary to agree about the way in which the equivalents might
be forwarded. In case I receive no such direction, I shall suppose
I am at liberty to send them by the kind intervention of the
Smithsonian Institution at Washington, through which I beg all
consignments intended for me may be forwarded.

I have no doubt as to a successful issue to my labors, if I con-
tinue to receive the same liberal and generous assistance from the
Smithsonian Institution and from Baron Osten-Sacken which I
have enjoyed from the beginning, especially if this commencement
contributes to increase the number of those interested in the study,
and ready to promote it by the cornmnnication of species taken by
them, in the same way in which Messrs. Rob. Kennicott, S. H.
Scudder, A. S. Packard, Edw. Norton, and others, have furnished
materials for the excellent paper of Baron Osten-Sacken on the
Lirnnolidse of North America.

II. LOEW.

MESERITZ, 3 Oct. I860.

TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

PAGE

Advertisement ... . iv

Preface ........ v

Table of Contents ....... ix

Ou the Terminology of Diptera . . . xi

SKETCH OF THE SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF DIPTEKA . 1

I. Neiuocera ...... 5

II. Brachycera ..... 15

III. Coriacea .... 48

Ox THE NORTH AMERICAN TRYPETIDAE 49

1. Extent of the family .... 49

2. Its division into Trypetina and Dacina . 51

3. Its natural character . . . . .52

4. Its relationship .... .56

5. North American species hitherto recorded . 57

6. Systematic arrangement of the species described, with

their synopsis . . . . .61

7. Description of the species . 64
Appendix I .... 91
Appendix II ... 94
Appendix III . . . . . .99

ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SCIOMYZIDAE . ] 03

ON THE NORTH AMERICAN EPHYDRINIDAE . . . 129

Notiphiliua ... . . 131

Hydrellina . ... 149

Ephydrina . . . - . 158

X CONTENTS.

PAGE

ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CECIDOMYIDAE. By R. Osten Sacken . 173

On the classification of the family . . .173

On its habits ...... 179

On the North American Ceciclomyiae at present known 186

Index ...... .207

Additions and Corrections . . 220

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

DIPTERA have so much in common with other orders of insects
that the terms applied to the latter, which I may consider as gen-
erally known, may frequently be used for the former. I have there-
fore merely to explain those terms which, on account of the peculiar
organization of Diptera, are either applied solely to the insects of
this order or are used in a more or less modified sense. It is well
known, how little the various authors agree in the choice of these
terms, and how many of them seem to find pleasure in departing
as much as possible from the terms used by their predecessors.
This is a great evil, aggravating the difficulty of understanding
Dipterological publications, and impeding the progress of Dipter-
ology. It would take too much space to explain all the terms
used by different authors, and I confine myself to those only which
seem the most necessary and which I have used in this publication.
The following considerations have guided me in their choice. I
think it a duty of a later author to accommodate himself to the
usage of his predecessors, especially those who have written stand-
ard works, and at the same time to reconcile them as much as
possible where they differ from each other. The indispensable
innovations should be introduced only gradually and in conformity
with the established usage, since in such matters an agreement about
the terms chosen is more important than the mode of selecting
them. Meigen, Wiedemann, and Fallen in earlier times, Zetter-
stedt and Macquart more recently, have in that respect a claim to
our attention. It has therefore been my object to assume the
position of an arbiter between them, and to avoid such terms as
depart entirely from the adopted usagfe, except in cases in which I
might differ so much from my predecessors as to become unintel-
ligible if restrained by their terminology.

The head has a hinder plane opposite to the thorax, called occi-

Xll ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

put (occiput)] that region of it lying over the junction of the head
is the nape (cervix). The part of the head which reaches from
the antennas as far as the occiput and is limited laterally by the
compound eyes, is the front (frons), the upper part of which is the
crown (vertex), the limit between the front and the occiput having
the name of vertical margin (maryo verticalis). The middle of
the front being often of a more membranaceous substance and
sometimes differing io color from its borders, is called the frontal
stripe (vitta frontalis). On the crown, there are the simple eyes
(ocelli), being usually three in number and forming a triangle,
sometimes on a sharply defined triangular space, the ocellar trian-
gle (triangulum ocellare). Most of those Diptera which undergo
their metamorphosis within the larva-skin possess, immediately
above the antennae, an arcuated impressed line, which seems to
separate from the front a small piece usually of the form of a cres-
cent, the frontal crescent (lumtla frontalis). The impressed line
itself, which continues over the face nearly as far as the border of the
mouth, is called the frontal fissure (fissura frontalis). It owes its
origin to a large bladder-like expansion which exists at this place in
immature imagos, and which helps them in bursting the pupa case.
The frontal fissure of course is the true anterior limit of the front,
and the frontal crescent in fact belongs to the face; however, on
account of its usual situation, it is commonly considered as a part
of the front. In many genera the eyes of the males meet on the
front, so as to divide it into two triangles, the superior of which is
called the vertical triangle (triangulum verticale), the inferior the
anterior frontal triangle (triangulum frontale anterius), or simply
the frontal triangle (triangulum frontale). The anterior portion
of the head reaching from the antennae to the border of the mouth
or oral margin (peristomium) is called the face (fades). In most
Diptera it is divided into three parts adjoining each other, the
limits of which depend on the situation which the frontal fissure,
continued to the oral margin occupies in the developed imago ;
the form and mutual proportion in size of these parts are of the
highest value in the classification and distinction of the species of
Diptera. Beneath the antennas there are in many Diptera longi-
tudinal holes for their reception, the antennal furrows (fovece an-
tennales) ; the antennae lie in them while the insect is still in the
pupa case, sometimes even after its exclusion. That part of the
head which lies on the side beneath the eyes is the cheek (gena).

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA. Xlll

The compound eyes are sometimes encompassed in a larger or
smaller part of their circumference by a ring, somewhat swollen,
and separated more or less distinctly from the remainder of the
surface of the head ; it is called the orbit (orbita), the successive
parts of which may be called the anterior (orbita anterior sivefa-
cialis), inferior (inferior s. genalis), posterior (posterior s. occipi-
talis), superior (superior s. verticals), and frontal (frontalis) orbits.
An orbit is also often spoken of, where no ring is distinctly set off
from the rest of the surface of the head ; in this case a distinct
color or some peculiar structure mark the nearest surroundings of
the eyes.

The oral parts of Diptera, destined for sucking, are called the
sucker or proboscis (proboscis). They are either inserted at the
end of a more or less cylindrical prolongation of the head, called
the snout (rostrum), or project from a wide aperture often occupy-
ing a great part of the under surface of the head, called the mouth
hole (cavitas oris). The common, fleshy root of the oral parts is
connected by a membrane with the border of the mouth. This
membrane often has a fold, sometimes of a quite horny substance,
and is then called the clypeus (clypeus s. prcelabrum) ; it is either
entirely concealed by the anterior border of the mouth and is then
usually movable, or it projects over it as a ridge and is then usually
immovable. The largest of the oral parts in most Diptera is the
fleshy under lip (labium), consisting of the stem (stipes) and the
knob (capitulum labii) formed by the two suctorial flaps (labella).
Besides the under lip, the palpi (palpi) are most perceptible and
must be noticed in the description of the species. The remaining
oral parts are generally rather small and stunted, having the form
of bristles or horny lancets; they are considered as being the tongue
(lingua), under jaws (maxillce), upper jaws (mandibulae) , and up-
per lip (labrum), the latter shutting the under lip from above.
These parts are not easily applicable in distinguishing species.

The thorax of Diptera as well as that of other insects consists
of three segments, the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the meta-
thorax. But in the order of Diptera the development of the meso-
thorax exceeds so much that of the two other portions, that it forms
by far the largest part of the whole thorax, and in the description
of Diptera is exclusively designated with the latter name, while
other names are given to the prothorax and metathorax, when
some particular part of them is to be characterized. The protho-

XIV ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

rax being generally very little developed, sometimes forms a neck-
like prolongation which bears the head, and is then called the neck
(collum). Sometimes the fore corners of the mesothorax or the
shoulders (humeri) are covered by a lobe of the prothorax (lobus
prothoracis humeralis), distinctly separated from the mesothorax;
but it is not unusual for this lobe to be so soldered to the meso-
thorax that it is not possible to discover a distinct limit between
them, except in general, by their color or hairs; it is then called the
shoulder callosity (callus humeralis). The prothorax sometimes
also applies closely to the anterior border of the mesothorax, and
has then the name of collar (collare). The mesothorax frequently
has a transverse furrow (sutura transversalis) crossing the middle
of its upper side and ending on each side a little before the base
of the wing; its presence or absence as well as its form furnishes
characters important in the classification of Diptera. On each
side of the breast the breast side (pleura) there is beneath the
shoulder a spiracle (stigma prothoracis) still belonging to the pro-
thorax. To the back of the mesothorax applies the scutcheon
(scutellum), separated from it by a furrow. Beneath the scutellum
a part of the metathorax is to be seen, called metanotum, generally
descending obliquely, often very convex, and on each side with a
more or less inflated space, called the lateral callosity of the meta-
notum (callus metanoti lateralis). The poisers (halteres) have their
origin beneath this callosity, and before either of them we see the
spiracle of the metathorax (stigma metathoracis). The mem-
branous covers which in many Diptera are found above this spi-
racle, have the name of covering scales (tegulte).*

The abdomen is the third of the three principal parts of the
body, but we usually so call its upper side only, the name of belly
(venter) being given to the under side. The segments of the ab-
domen are of course, as in the other orders of insects, counted
from the front to the back; but the anterior ones are often soldered
together, while the posterior ones are stunted, and by their con-
cealed situation withdrawn from the eye; much caution is therefore
required in counting them. The statements about their number
are frequently rather arbitrary and conventional, and often require
an explanation. At the end of the abdomen we see in the male
the appendages destined to take hold of the female in the copula

* Some authors call them squamae. 0. S.

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA. XV

(hypopygiwm), in the female the organ for laying the eggs (ovi-
positor) the former, if they have the form of pincers and are not
bent under the belly, are called the pincers (forceps), the latter
according to its form either the borer (terebra) or the style (stylus).
Both organs are of the greatest importance in the distinction of
species in many families, and their structure being generally very
complicated and varying much in different families, deserves a most
attentive study.

The neuration of the wings of Diptera forms so essential a foun-
dation of their systematical arrangement and is so useful for the
distinction of species, that its thorough knowledge and a scrupulous
and accurate denomination of its single parts and of their mutual
arrangement is quite indispensable. Our first and most important
task will be to ascertain which parts of the neuration of the wings
correspond to each other in the different families, since this is the
only way to obtain a terminology in which corresponding things
are designated by the same names, and which, therefore, is not
liable to misinterpretation.

At a first and superficial glance, the neuration of the wings shows
so different a structure in the various families of Diptera, that it seems
impossible to reduce it to a common type. But, on a closer examina-
tion, we find that we can make out without much difficulty a common
type existing in its greatest simplicity and plainness in the Muscidse.
The framework of the whole neuration of the wings is formed by
the longitudinal veins (vents longitudinales), which are connected
with each other by the transverse veins (vence transverse s. venulce).
The longitudinal veins spring from four trunks, issuing from the
base of the wings; the first and fourth trunks being the least de-
veloped, the second and third must be taken for the main trunks,
and consequently the longitudinal veins originating from them, for
the main longitudinal veins of the wing. To the anterior of these
two main trunks belong three longitudinal veins, the foremost of
which runs first parallel to the anterior border of the wing and
joins it at a greater or less distance from the tip of the wing ; it
is called the first longitudinal vein (vena longitudinales prima).
The second longitudinal vein proceeds from the first generally be-
fore the middle of the wing, and reaches the anterior border of the
wing nearer to the tip. In a similar way the third longitudinal
vein has, again, its origin from the second. To the second main
trunk also belong three longitudinal veins, which are counted

XVI ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

from the front to the back, and are called the fourth, fifth, and sixth
longitudinal veins. The hindmost vein of the anterior main trunk
and the foremost vein of the posterior main trunk, i. e. the third
and fourth longitudinal veins, are connected by a transverse vein
situated about the middle of the wing and called the small or mid-
dle transverse vein (vena transversa minor s. media). Using this
transverse vein as a starting-point, we cannot easily have any doubt
about the position of each of these six main longitudinal veins.

The remaining neuration takes place in the following way: The
first of the four trunks emits a usually rather stout vein, forming
the anterior border of the wing ; it either runs round the whole
border of the wing, attenuating a little towards its end, and is called
the marginal vein (vena marginalis), or it only reaches as far as
the fourth or third, sometimes even the second or first longitudinal
veins, and is then generally called the costal vein (vena costalis s.
costa) ; both these expressions can be used as identical without any
fear of incorrectness. The costal vein is sometimes interrupted in
one or more places, thus forming a number of successive portions,
a structure most characteristic in several families. Besides this
vein, a second one proceeds from the foremost of the four trunks,
which, from its being frequently absent, is not counted with the
other longitudinal veins, but is called the auxiliary vein (vena aux-
iliaris); not far from its base, it is connected by the transverse
shoulder vein (vena transversa humeralis) with the costal vein. A
total or partial absence of the auxiliary vein, its structure, and the
peculiarities of situation which it has relatively to the first longi-
tudinal vein, are very characteristic marks for the distinction of
families and genera.

The first and second longitudinal veins are usually simple, the
third being frequently forked ; this furcation arises from its emitting
beyond the small transverse vein an anterior branch, which gene-
rally runs to the border of the wing between the second and third
longitudinal veins, and is therefore called the anterior branch of
the third longitudinal vein. Both branches together form the fork
of the third longitudinal vein, and that part of this vein which lies
between the small transverse vein and the point of forking of both
branches is called the handle (pedunculus) of this fork. Some-
times the foremost branch of the third longitudinal vein is con-
nected with the second longitudinal vein by a transverse vein, or
it runs into the second longitudinal vein instead of running to the

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA. XV 11

border of the wing, and thus has the appearance of a transverse
vein.

In most Diptera there is no other connection between the third
and fourth longitudinal veins except the small transverse vein, and
we can cross the wing between the third and fourth longitudinal
veins in its whole length without meeting another vein but the
small transverse vein. But in some families the fourth longitudinal
vein, abandoning towards its end its former direction, turns to the
third longitudinal vein and reaches it either at its end or a little
before it, constituting thus a 1 'second connection: there is a rarer
case when that connection is effected by a transverse vein placed
distinctly on the fourth longitudinal vein. A third connection
between the fourth longitudinal vein and the anterior main trunk
is formed in some families in the neighborhood of the base of the
wing; often there is only a transverse fold running obliquely from
the fourth longitudinal vein to the first; in some families it incras-
sates into a transverse vein.

The three longitudinal veins belonging to the second main trunk
usually begin to diverge quite near the base of the wing; the hind-
most of them, i. e. the sixth longitudinal vein, is often distinctly
seen as the continuation of the common trunk, while the two ante-
rior ones uniting with their bases seem to form a kind of loop
which touches the main trunk only at one point. As frequently,
the fifth longitudinal vein represents a distinct continuation of the
main trunk; in some families all the three longitudinal veins appear
in equal distinctness as its branches. Between the fourth and the
fifth longitudinal veins there are in general two transverse veins,
which divide the space of the wing, included by the fourth and fifth
longitudinal veins, into three parts. The first of these transverse
veins is the anterior basal transverse vein (vena transversa basalts
anterior s. venula basalts anterior), the absence of which is charac-
teristic for some families; the second is usually the longest trans-
verse vein of the wing and is of the highest systematic value ; it
is called the posterior transverse vein (vena transversa posterior s.
venula posterior). Not unfrequently another vein starts from its
middle, running to the border of the wing; it cannot be considered
as a longitudinal vein, and is called the anterior intercalary vein
(vena intercalaris anterior). It must not be confounded with a
branch emitted in some Diptera from the posterior side of the
fourth longitudinal vein before its tip.

B

xviii ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

Near the base of the fifth longitudinal vein rises the posterior
basal transverse vein (vena transversa basalis posterior s. venula
basalis posterior), usually a short transverse vein, running to the
sixth longitudinal vein, but frequently meeting it only in a later
part of its course at a very acute angle, or even reaching the bor-
der of the wing, without having met that vein; in all these cases it
divides all the space of the wing lying between the fifth and sixth
longitudinal veins into two parts. In several families there is,
immediately beyond this transverse vein, another vein, the posterior
intercalary vein (vena inter calaris posterior), which proceeds from
the fifth longitudinal vein and runs to the border of the wing ;
sometimes it meets the fifth longitudinal vein before reaching the
border.

In that part of the wing which is behind the sixth longitudinal
vein, are spread the branches of the hindmost of the four trunks ;
it is entirely wanting in many Diptera, and exists in most of them
only in a rudimentary state; therefore generally only one branch,
or at the utmost two weak ones, not reaching the border of the
wing, are perceptible; they are called the axillary veins (vena ax-
illares). Where the hindmost trunk is well developed, these veins
become complete longitudinal veins; they best preserve the same
name, but may be numbered as the seventh, and, where two exist,
as the seventh and eighth longitudinal veins without any fear of
misinterpretation. In the case of such a great development of
this trunk, the foremost of the veins belonging to it is generally
connected near its base with the sixth longitudinal vein by a trans-
verse vein.

It results, from the foregoing exposition, that the anterior part
of the wing is divided by the three longitudinal veins belonging to
the anterior main trunk, and the posterior by the three longitudi-
nal veins belonging to the posterior main trunk, each into three
sections, an exterior one, a middle, and an interior one, while the
three sections of the anterior part of the wing are separated from
those of the posterior part by a middle stripe or baud which ex-
tends from the base of the wing to its tip. It would be an easy
task to invent fit names for these principal parts of the surface of
the wing, from which convenient expressions would result for their
single parts or the cells of the wings. But it seems to me that
the introduction of such a new nomenclature would hardly promote
our principal end, the agreement of authors in the use of termino-

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA. XIX

logical expressions, since it is not so much the nature of the re-
ceived terms as the consent in their application which we must
aim at. I therefore think it most advisable to retain such names
for the denomination of the wing-cells, as are already in general
use. But in adopting these names I cannot but mention that
many of them do not seem to be well chosen, and that I accept
them only with the intention of bringing about a terminology
generally agreed upon.

I shall, therefore, call the cells belonging to the first section of
the wing the costal cells (celhdse costales}, those of the second the
marginal cells (celhdse marginales), and those of the third the sub-
marginal cells (cellules submarginales). The latter are of the greatest
importance for characterizing families and genera, as well as for
the distinction of species. When the second and third longitudi-
nal veins are simple, and the third anterior section is consequently
undivided, there exists only one submarginal cell; but when the
third longitudinal vein has a branch running to the border of the
wing, we count two such cells, an anterior and a posterior one ;
when the anterior branch of the third longitudinal vein is also
connected with the second longitudinal vein by a transverse vein,
the number of submarginal cells amounts to three, among which
that, formed by the inner part of the anterior submarginal cell, is
called the interior submarginal cell ; when the anterior branch of
the third longitudinal cell assumes the form of a transverse vein
running to the second longitudinal vein, only an interior and an
exterior submarginal cell are distinguished.

Among the existing names, none is. well applicable as a common
denomination either to the cells belonging to the middle of the
wing or to those of each of the two first sections of the posterior
part of the wing ; I am compelled, therefore, though not without
reluctance, to give up the application of such names. Among the
cells of the portion just mentioned, there are three that have gene-
rally been too little noticed in the description of the neuration of
the wing. Their different forms give very good characters, the
more so as, on the whole, the differences, which the neuration
shows in the neighborhood of the base and costal border, have
always a higher systematic value than those occurring near the tip
or the posterior border of the wing. Those three cells are placed
nearest to the base of the wing ; the first of them belongs to the
middle of the wing, and reaches as far as the small transverse

XX ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

vein ; the second belongs to the first section of the posterior part
of the wing, and extends as far as the anterior basal transverse
vein ; the third belongs to the second section of the same part of
the wing, and joins the posterior basal transverse vein. These
three cells may, in general, be called the three basal cells (ceUulae
basales*). The foremost of them is generally much longer than the
two others, a proportion which is usually indicated by the expression
of "one large and two small basal cells;" against this mode of ex-
pression nothing can be objected, since it implies no uncertainty.
It is, however, a little puzzling to invent a convenient term, when
the posterior basal transverse vein, instead of running to the sixth
longitudinal vein, assumes the character of a longitudinal vein,
and runs to the border of the wing, so that the hindmost basal cell
joins the border of the wing. Not only in this case, but also when
the hindmost basal cell, though closed, is distinguished from the
second basal cell by a much more considerable length, it is usually
named the anal cell (cellula anah's), and then, consequently, two
basal cells are considered to be present. Badly chosen as the term
"anal cell" may be, it is, nevertheless, so settled that it will be
difficult to remove it by the introduction of a more convenient one.
In certain families the great and very symmetrical development of
the three basal cells is characteristic; they are then called the
ternated cells (cellulse ternatse), which term, though expressive
of the thing, seems to be superfluous. One of the most important
cells is that belonging to the first section of the posterior part of
the wing, and extending from the anterior basal transverse vein to
the posterior transverse vein, and bearing the little transverse vein
on'its anterior margin ; it is generally called the discoidal or discal
cell (cellnla discoidalis). When the anterior basal transverse vein
is wanting, which is characteristic in many families and genera,
this cell coalesces with the second basal cell, which then must be
considered as a part of the discoidal cell ; if the posterior trans-
verse vein has disappeared, there is no discoidal cell at all. In
those Diptera which possess the anterior intercalary vein, sometimes
the part of the posterior transverse vein situated before or behind
this intercalary vein is wanting, and in that case the existence of a
discal cell is granted, which, in the former instance, is considered
as anteriorly opened, in the latter, as posteriorly opened.

The second cell of the middle of the wing opening in its border,
and those of the two first sections of the posterior part of the

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DTPTERA.

wing, are called the cells of the posterior margin, or posterior cells
(cellulx posteriores), and numbered as first, second, etc., beginning
with that which belongs to the middle of the wing, and is limited
at its base by the small transverse vein. It is evident that in all
Piptera there are really only three posterior cells. They exist in
their typical simple form in the Muscidse. The first of them be-
longs to the middle of the wing, the two others to the first and
second section of the posterior part of the wing. The first is
usually subject to no partition, but is sometimes closed before
reaching the border. The second is frequently divided in two
portions by the presence of the anterior intercalary vein, and this
happens whenever the fourth longitudinal vein emits a hind branch
before its end ; it even forms three portions when this branch
exists along with the intercalary vein. In the genera having a
posterior intercalary vein, a bipartition of the third posterior cell
occurs. Though it would be very convenient to speak in all cases
of only three such cells, and to point out in the way indicated the
mode of their further partition, yet the ruling usage does not
admit of this, but counts all these portions as successive posterior
cells, whence their number sometimes amounts to six. When the
second posterior cell and the discoidal cell are united in conse-
quence of the absence of the posterior transverse vein, the cell
formed in this way retains the name of second posterior cell.

The cells belonging to the third section of the posterior part of
the wing. are not, usually, completely separated from each other,
and then are frequently termed the false cells (cettulse spurias); a
better term for them might be that of axillary cells (cellulse axil-
lares). They are numbered in the direction from the sixth longi-
tudinal vein towards the posterior angle of the wing.

As for the expressions costal border, tip, posterior border, pos-
terior or anal angle of the wing, they are understood by everybody.
The posterior angle is terminated by the axillary incision (incisura
axillaris) towards the base of the wing. The wings of many Dip-
tera are provided with a lobiform appendage, the alar appendage
(alxla), reaching from the axillary incision to the innermost base ;
it must not be confounded with the covering scale that lies above
the poisers, and which has often been called by the same name.

In order to understand a very intricate neuration and reduce it
to the simple tjpe, we must take care not to assume for parts of
the same main vein all those ramifications which run in one direc-

XX11 ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA.

tion. As threads loosely drawn up in a frame, when strongly
strained by transverse threads of different length, must necessarily
adopt an angular direction, so do longitudinal veins, in consequence
of a varied situation and the length of the transverse veins. The
outline of the wing, the length of the longitudinal veins, the situ-
ation and length of the transverse veins, as well as the area of the
two membranes of the wing, stand in such a relation to each other
that the wonderful effect of their hardening after the exclusion of
the insect will be a surface more or less even, but in every case fit
for the performance of flight, the main agents of which are appa-
rently the anterior part of the wing, as being more stout and rigid,
and its posterior part, which, being in most cases united with the
former by the small transverse vein only, is more movable, and
acts as an inclined plane, propelling the insect during the motions
of the wings both up and down. It is in such genera only as
Syritta, Bombylius, Nemestrina, the habits of which require not so
much a rapid locomotion, as a constant hovering over a spot, that
a multiplied connection of the anterior and posterior part of the
wing by transverse veins restrains the mobility of the posterior
part of the wing, and renders its propelling effect less sensible.

A correct understanding of a very intricate neuration is in many
cases by far not so difficult as that of a very incomplete one. The
latter will be best obtained by observing, that in such wings the
three anterior trunks of the veins are not only incompletely de-
veloped, but also crowded together on the anterior part of the
wing, an uncommonly large space being allotted to the fourth
trunk. In this way, the striking narrowness of the anterior and
middle parts of the wing and the extraordinary dilatation of the
posterior part, find their explanation. Sometimes a closer exami-
nation of the surface of the wing will yield a useful result by our
observing the different kind of hair peculiar to the veins, and which
remains, though the veins themselves are wanting. All Diptera with
very incomplete neuration are bad fliers, since the greater flexibility
of the posterior part of their wings can but imperfectly compen-
sate the propelling effect of this part when sustained by a stronger
neuration.

The legs of diptera, like those of the other orders, consist of
four principal parts, called the hips (coxse), thighs (femora),
shanks (tibiae), and feet (tarsi). The hips consist. of two joints;
the second, smaller one, is called trochanter. The feet are gene-

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OF DIPTERA. XX111

rally five-jointed ; the first joint is called metatarsus. At the tip
of the last joint there are two claws (ungues), and under each of
them there is generally a membranaceous appendage called pul-
villus. Besides these appendages, many families have between
them a third single appendage of similar structure, which is called
empodium; in other families this organ is bristle-like, or altogether
wanting.

I have little to say about the expressions for the different cha-
racters of the surface and the clothing of the parts of the body of
Diptera; I will observe only that the gradations hoary (pruinosus),
dusted (pollinosus), mealy (farinosus), or pubescent (pubesccns~),
hairy (pilosus'), bristly (setosus), etc., in their application must be
judged more according to a relative than an absolute scale, viz., in
a family that has coarse hair the same is called hairy, which in
another with fine hair is termed bristly, and so in similar cases.
If we were not willing to do so, expressions would fail to point
out the existing differences.

XXIV

ON THE TERMINOLOGY OP DIPTERA.

1. Wing of Ortalis.

a. Transverse shoulder-vein (vena transversa humeralis).

b. Auxiliary vein (vena auxiliaris).

c. d, e,f, ff, and h. First, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth longitudinal veins (vena

longitudinales prima, secuuda, tertia, quarta, quiuta, et sexta).
i. Small or middle transverse vein (vena transversa minor s. media).
fc. Hinder transverse vein (vena transversa posterior).
I, m, n, o. Costal vein (vena costalis).

p. Anterior basal transverse vein (vena transversa basalis anterior).
q. Posterior basal transverse vein (vena transversa basalis posterior).
r. Rudiment of the fourth trunk.
S. Axillary incision (incisura axillaris).
A, B, and G. First, second, and third costal-cells (cellulae costales prima, secunda, et

tertia).

D. Marginal cell (cellula marginalis).

E. Submarginal cell (cellula submarginalis).

F. G, and)/. First, second, and third posterior cells (cellula; posteriores prima, secunda,

et tertia).

/. IMscal cell (cellula discoidalis).

K. First or large basal cell (cellula basalis prima s. major).
L. Second basal cell, or anterior of the small basal cells.
Jf, Third basal cell, or posterior of the small basal cells.
N. Anal or axillary corner of the wing (angulus analis s. axillaris).
0. Alar appendage (alula).

2. Wing of Emjiix.

t. Anterior branch of the third longitudinal vein (venae longitudinalis tertiae ramus

anterior).
. Anterior intercalary vein (vena intercalaris anterior).

3. Wing of Dasypogon.

t. Anterior branch of the third longitudinal vein.
u. Anterior intercalary vein.
v. Posterior intercalary vein.

DIPTERA

OP

NORTH AMERICA

i.

SKETCH OP THE SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF DIPTERA : WITH AN
ENUMERATION OF THE GENERA HITHERTO RECORDED AS' FOUND
IN NORTH AMERICA.

OUR knowledge of the Dipterological Fauna of North America
has lately made rapid progress by the great attention paid to it
by Baron Osten Sacken during his residence in Washington. As
a preliminary to further investigations, he prepared, in 1858, for
publication by the Smithsonian Institution, a Catalogue of the
then described North American Diptera, which had the great and
essential merit of nearly entire completeness. It cannot but be
considered as a wise precaution that he did not enter upon a criti-
cal examination of the published species, as he well understood
that such an examination could only be the work of the combined
efforts of many persons, and the fruit of a long toil of years, and
that consequently undertaking it would have indefinitely retarded
the publication of such a catalogue, so desirable for the advance-
ment of North American Dipterology. The impulse caused by
Baron Osten Sacken's Catalogue is already evident, and it has
proved a welcome and valuable assistance 'to every one attempting
a more thorough study of North American Diptera, by an intel-
ligible arrangement of the already published species, not only
sparing him much laborious research, but also giving him the cer-
tainty of not overlooking a species already described. But although
this Catalogue presents a survey of all papers hitherto published,
and of the contributions of each author, it does not, and according
1

2 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

to its plan could not, afford a survey of the North American
Fauna Dipterologica, corresponding to the present state of sys-
tematic Dipterology; on the contrary, sketching such a survey is
one of the tasks to which it looks forward to as one of the first
fruits of its publication. It would be quite impossible to draw
such a systematic survey of the hitherto known North American
Diptera from the Catalogue itself, since it comprises the publica-
tions of the authors of different times and countries, of writers who
had the most different systematic ideas and points of view, and
since, in consequence of its plan, it could not but include such
papers as are devoid of any solid knowledge of systematic Dipter-
ology to which, above all, the descriptions of Rob. Desvoidy,
and, in a still higher degree, those of Mr. Walker belong. Conse-
quently a survey of those families and genera which North America
really possesses, is to be acquired in no other way than from the in-
spection and careful investigation of the species themselves. The
rich collections of Baron Osten-Sacken have enabled me to examine
a number of North American species sufficient to allow me to ven-
ture an essay of the kind indicated. In this survey I have adopted
for the North American Fauna the same area as that of Baron
Osten Sacken's Catalogue, the materials upon which I establish my
work corresponding to this area. Still it cannot be denied, as far
as I am able to judge, that this area, in its southern extent, reaches
beyond the limits of the North American zoological province. In
order to give a true, though of course not complete sketch of the
North American Dipterological Fauna, I can, besides such species
as I know by my own inspection, have regard only to those the
systematic location of which is in no way doubtful.

For many years past all Diptera have been divided into two
large sections, Nemocera and Brachycera. In the Diptera of the
first section the antenna, having the fundamental form of a thread,
consists of many joints, two of them being called the joints of the
scapus, the following those of the flagellum. The latter are all of
the same structure, although this structure varies in different spe-
cies. The first joint of the flagellum, i. e., the third of the whole
antenna, is never so distinguished in size or structure that one
might consider the succeeding joints as its accessorial appendages,
nor is the connection of the joints (with the exception of the Bibi-
onida, Mycetophilidce, and a few others) such as might lead us to

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3

consider them as one, divided into several annuliform segments.
In the second section, the Brachycera, the two joints of the scapus
are likewise separated; the third joint, or first of the flagellum,
usually differs by its remarkably developed size and its anatomical
structure, causing it to be considered as a sensorial organ about
the nature of which entomologists are not yet agreed. The suc-
ceeding joints of the flagellum are much reduced in size, generally
very few in number, and often of unequal number in nearly related
genera, or even in species of the same genus. They even disappear
entirely in some genera (e. g., in Scenopinus). If they are extant,
they have usually the form of a style or bristle, the position of
which, according to its nature, is in fact apical, although, from
the development of the under side of the third joint, the bristle
often seems inserted on its back, or even, in some instances, in
the immediate vicinity of the base itself. In the genera, in which
the .first joint of the flagellum is not of a remarkable size, the
following joints are generally more numerous, and either all or the
greater part of them share the peculiar organization showing their
function to be that of a sensorial organ. They are applied at the
same time so closely to the first joint of the flagellum, that we are
compelled to consider all of them together as one, divided into
several segments, or the terminal one as a style or bristle of a single
joint, formed by the other joints of the flagellum. Consequently
the essential difference between the sections Nemocera et Brachycera
is this, that in the latter the number of joints of the flagellum is
not only smaller, but also that the lower joint, sometimes a few
joints, always the lower ones, rarely all, have a more distinct de-
velopment, and at the same time a peculiar anatomical structure
undoubtedly proving their function to be that of a sensorial organ.
It cannot be denied that those families of Brachycera in which
several of the joints of the flagellum are so soldered together as
to form one compound and annulated mass, stand nearest to the
section of Nemocera, and that amongst these families the Xylopha-
gidce must be placed immediately on the limit of both sections. It
is more difficult to point out a family of Nemocera, which comes
nearer to the section of Brachycera than all the others; in general
the families of Rhyphidce and Bibionidce may be considered as those
to which this station must be assigned. It is- a fact that some dis-
coveries made in modern times have obliterated to a certain degree
the sharpness of the limit which was considered to exist between

4 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the sections of Nemocera and Brachycera. The fact known long
ago, that in some genera of Stratiomydcc and Tabanidce the joints
of the flagellum not being closely compressed, do not form a com-
pact joint, has been rather neglected in this respect, perhaps be-
cause the Stratiomydee and Tabanidce, by their whole organization,
are rather remote from the Nemocera, and have so strikingly pecu-
liar characters as individual families, that their comparison with
the Nemocera has scarcely been thought of. The case was dif-
ferent when* a similar structure was observed in the family of Xylo-
phagidce. After I had myself first pointed out the genera Electro,
and Chrysothemis, discovered by me in Prussian amber, Mr. Hali-
day found the still more surprising North American genus Rachi-
cerus. I shall have hereafter to mention a second North American
genus of Xylophagidce, which has the flagellnm of the antennae not
annulated, but really many-jointed. All these facts, however, are
not sufficient to compel us at present to give up the separation of
the Nemocera and Brachycera.

Many authorities have likewise objected to uniting under the
head of Brachycera all those families which cannot be referred
to the Nemocera, especially and with the fullest reason, to the
union of the Hippoloscidce with, the other Brachycera, since
both the history of their development arid their internal and ex-
ternal anatomy essentially differ from them. They can only be
considered as a third section, co-ordinate to the Nemocera and
Bracliycera, and having the same systematic value, and may be
named Coriacea, or they may be opposed to the other two together
as equivalent, and consequently be comprised under the name of
Eproloscidea, that of Proboscidea being left to the two other sec-
tions. I intend to follow the first of these two arrangements.

Of the families which I shall hereafter enumerate as belonging
to the Bracliycera, the Plioridce alone have occasioned some doubts
about their title to this place, founded, if I judge correctly, on
the abnormal structure of their antenna? ; these are considered as
one-jointed, with the terminal bristle consisting of several joints.
.Judging by the anatomical structure, I for my part am unable to
see in the joint, which is pre-eminently developed and forms the
main body of the antennae, more than the first joint of the flagel-
lum, its peculiarity arising from the soldering together and stunting
of the*two joints of the scapus, the covering of which is moreover
less horny than in the other families of Brachycera. This differ-

CULICIDAE CHIRONOMIDAE. 5

ence, surprising as it is, does not seem to me to have systematic
importance enough to require a separation of the Phoridce from
the remaining Brachycera, and the less so as similar deviations,
though not nearly of so striking a nature, also occur in other fami-
lies. I mention, as an instance, the remarkably stunted second joint
of the antennae in the genus Haltericerus Rond. among the Doli-
chopidce.

I. NEMOCERA.
FAM. I. CULICIDAE.

Charact. Ocelli none. Thorax without transverse suture. Costal vein
continued round the margin of the wing, fringed with scales ; veins
in their last subdivisions more than six in nuniher.

This family, rich in species, comprises only a small number of
genera. As such, the old well-known genera CULEX, AEDES,
ANOPHELES, and CORETHRA are to be named first, being those
among which Meigen has distributed the European species. To
them may be added the genera MEGARHINA, PSOROPHORA, and SA-
BETHES, separated from Culex by Rob. Desvoidy, the two last being
scarcely tenable, whereas MegarJiina is acknowledged as holding
good. The genus MOCHLONYX, established by me, is very near to
Corethra, differing, however, by the abbreviation of the first tarsal
joint.

Species of the genera CULEX and ANOPHELES occur over all
parts of K A., whereas MEGARHINA and PSOROPHORA are only
represented by single species belonging, as it seems, more to the
South, as is also CORETHRA by C. punctipennis Say.

FAM. II. CHIRONOMIDAE.

Charact. Ocelli none. Thorax without transverse suture. Wings with-
out vein along the posterior margin ; costal vein ending near the
tip of the wing.

This family is not much richer in genera than that of the C'ulicidee,
but far more so in species. It contains the old and well-established
genera CHIRONOMUS, TANYPUS, and CERATOPOGON, to which have
been added the genera HYDROB^INUS Fries (= Corynocerus Ruthe),

6 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

DIAMESA Meig., CORYNONEURA Winn., and CLTJNIO Hal., which is
so remarkable by the habitation of its larva. The species of Cera-
topogon exhibit a good deal of varied organization. A division
into a number of smaller genera, which is indispensable, has been
attempted, but not executed in a satisfactory manner, and the
genera LABIDOMYIA Steph., CULIOCIDES Latr., PALPOMYIA Meig.,
SPH^ROMIAS Steph., and PRIONOMYIA Steph. can be only consi-
dered at present as sub-genera of Ceratopogon. The genus THA-
LASSOMYIA Schin. has been separated from Chironomus. Also the
genus MACROPEZA Meig. must be united with the Chironomidce,
and Macquart is right in having done so in his " Dipteres exo-
tiques." The genus ORPHNEPHILA Hal. (= Thaumaka Ruthe =
Chenesia Macq.) differs from all the other Chironomidce by the
veins of the wings running without attenuation to, and the costal
vein being continued round, the posterior border. If we do not
establish a separate family for it, its proper place will be here, but
as an anomalous genus.

The genera CHIRONOMUS, TANYPUS, and CERATOPOGON are largely
represented in N. A. ; the most interesting are the species of Cera-
topogon. Heteromyia Say belongs here. Of the remaining genera,
I have seen only one N. A. species, which belongs to the genus
ORPHNEPHILA, and does not seem to differ from 0. testacea Ruthe.

FAM. III. CECIDOMYIDAE.

Charact. Ocelli often none. Thorax without transverse suture. Coxae
not elongated, femora not thickened, tibiae without spurs. Wings
having only few longitudinal veins.

It is rather difficult to define sharply this most interesting family,
and consequently to characterize it exactly. It contains a very
large number of extremely delicate and elegant minute species,
remarkable by long and easily rubbed off hairs on the wings and
the other parts of the body. The limits between the families Ceci-
domyidce (Gall-gnats) and Mycetophilidte (Fungus-gnats) are not
very easily fixed, since Zygoneura Meig. shows a combination of
the characters of both; the coxas being far less elongated and the
spurs of the tibise far shorter than in any other genus of Myceto-
philidce; moreover, the antennae are moniliform with verticillate
hairs, as is frequently the case in the Cecidomyidce and never so

CECIDOMYIDAE. 7

among Mycetophilidce. But the total habitus of the Zygoneurce
being more like that of the former than of the latter, and the tibial
spurs being so very short, that in some species they can only be
discovered by the closest scrutiny, I think I may be justified if I
add them to the Cecidomyidce, though in many respects they agree
with the genus Sciara, which has its natural place among the
Mycetophilidte.

The whole family is divided into two sections. The first of
these, the CECIDOMYINA, have on the wings four longitudinal veins,
the two last of which often coalesce in the beginning of their course,
or are more or less incomplete. They have no ocelli, and the first
joint of their tarsi is much shortened. The genera belonging here
are : HORMOMYIA Loew, DIPLOSIS Loeiv, CECIDOMYIA Latr., As-
PHONDYLIA Loew, DIRHIZA Loew, COLPODIA Winn., EPIDOSIS Loew,
ASYNAPTA Loew, LASIOPTERA Meig., and CLINORHYNCHA Loeiv.
In the genera of the second section, the ANARETINA, between the
second and third of those veins of the wings which the first sec-
tion possesses, another longitudinal vein is inserted, being simple
only in Campylomyza, while it is furcate in all the other genera ;
the first tarsal joint is not shortened, and in all genera, with the
single exception of Cecidogona, there are distinct ocelli. To this
section belong: CAMPYLOMYZA Meig., CECIDOGONA Loew, ANA-
RETE Hal., CATOCHA Hal. (= Macrostyla Winn.), LESTREMIA
Macq. (= Diamesa Meig.), and ZYGONEURA Meig.

I have omitted here the genera HETEROPEZA Winn. and SPANI-
OCERA Winn., not having had an opportunity of examining speci-
mens. Heteropeza seems to harmonize in many points with the
genera of the first section, but differs very strikingly by the totally
different structure of its tarsi. Rondani has established in this
family a good number of genera, which are, however, quite un-
available, since the observations on which they are founded are
too inexact.

Yery little information has thus far been published respecting the
Cecidomyidce of N. A. Most of the species sufficiently described
belong to the genus Gecidomyia in its restricted sense, as is now
in use ; viz : Gee. destructor Say, salicis Fitch, and tritici Kirby ;
Gee. grossularice Fitch ought, as it seems, to be referred to the
genus ASPHONDYLIA ; some fine species of the genera DIPLOSIS
and LASIOPTERA occur there. Out of the second section I have

8 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

seen species of the genera CAMPYLOMYZA, ZYGONETJRA and LES-
TREMIA. Of a new genus belonging to the same section, I have
seen only one incomplete individual.

FAM. IV. BLEPHAROCERIDAE.

Charact. Ocelli three. Wings very ample, naked (/. e. with hairs only
perceptible under a very highly magnifying lens), with cracks
caused apparently by folding ; no discoidal cell. Posterior tibiae
with stout spurs, anterior tibiae unarmed.

The genus BLEPHAROCERA Macq. cannot, except by the utmost
constraint, be included in any of the existing families. Its nearest
relation is the Ceylanese genus TANYRHINA Loew. I unite these
two genera in one small family, the name of which I derive from
the older of the two. The Blepharoceridce differ from the Cecido-
myidce by the stout terminal spur of their posterior tibias, from
the Mycetophilidce by their coxae not being elongated, from the
Bibionidce by the want of an empodium and pulvilli, and by the
very little development of their prothorax. In the form and tissue
of their wings they are most nearly allied to the Simulidce, but by
the existence of ocelli, and by the long slender legs, they seem to
me to differ from them too much to be reunited with them. The
neuration of their wings is rather similar to that of the Cecido-
myidce ; but Blepharocera has some more longitudinal veins, and
thus its neuration resembles that of Macropeza. Besides the longi-
tudinal veins, the wings show some fine cracks, perfectly similar in
both, and looking as though produced by the expansion of the
wings, which had previously been folded ; this mark is peculiar to
them, pointing to some peculiarities in their transformation un-
fortunately still unknown ; some certainty about the place due to
them in the system may, therefore, be expected from the knowledge
of their earlier stages.

I know only one N. A. species of BLEPHAROCERA very much
resembling that species which is spread over a great part of Eu-
rope. Blepharocera americana Walk, neither belongs to this
genus, nor even to this family.

PSYCHODIDAE T1PTJLIDAE.

FAM. Y. PSYCHODIDAE.

Charact. No ocelli. Body with, long, coarse hairs. Thorax without a
transverse suture. Tibiae without spurs. Wings everywhere with
long coarse hairs, many longitudinal veins, and only a few trans-
verse veins ; no discoidal cells.

The genera of Psyclwdida, on account of their neuration, form
two sections ; in the first, the PSYCHODINA, there are, between
the furcate longitudinal veins common to all genera, two simple
longitudinal veins. The genera of this section are : PSYCHODA
Latr., PERICOMA Hal., ULOMYIA Hal. (= Saccopteryx Hal. ol.),
POSTHON Loew, and NYGMATODES Loew (= Nemapalpus Macq.).
In the second section, the PHLEBOTOMINA, we see only one longi-
tudinal vein between the two furcate veins. The genera belonging
here are: PHLEBOTOMUS Rond. (= Hoemasson Loew), TRICHO-
MYIA Hal. (= Phalcenomyia Loew), SYCORAX Hal., DIPLONEMA
Loew, and PHIUEMATUS Loew.

The small number of N. A. Psychodidce I have seen, belong
without exception to the genera PSYCHODA and PERICOMA. In
Europe there have been discovered besides the genera Ulomyia,
Phlebotomus, Trichomyia, and Sycorax. From the smalluess and
fragility of Psychodidce, it may easily be conceived why so few
N. A. species have still been detected.

FAM. VI. TIPULIDAE.

Charact. No ocelli.* Thorax with a V-shaped transverse suture. Legs
very elongated ; the basal cells of the wings reaching beyond the
middle ; discal cell existing in most of the genera.

The want of ocelli, the considerable length of the legs as well
as of the basal half of the wings (the latter cause producing a
prolongation of the basal cells beyond the middle of the wing),
are the most essential characters of this family. Moreover, the
Y-shaped transverse suture of the thorax is of the greatest value,
since only the anomalous genera DIXA Meig. and CHIONEA Dolman
are destitute of it. It does not seem natural to attribute to the
former genus, on account of this circumstance, any other place

* Except in Trichocera, where they exist. 0. S.

10 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

but among the Tipulidce. The abnormal structure of the thorax
in the wingless genus Chionea is less surprising, its form depending
chiefly on the situation and size of the alary muscles, and, however
it may differ in some respects from all the other genera of Tipu-
lidce, it would be still more inconveniently located in any other
family. Whether the genus POLYMERA Wied., which is distin-
guished by its moniliform antennae and the basal cells not reaching
to the middle of the wings, may be placed among the Tipulidce,
appears doubtful. I should have thought it belonged to the tribe
PsycJwdidce, had not Macquart figured the thorax of Polymera
fusca with a distinct Y-shaped transverse suture.

The variety of forms prevailing in the family of Tipulidce has
caused the foundation of a rather large number of genera. In
order to facilitate the description of the new species and the iden-
tification of the described ones, a considerable increase of the
number of genera is indispensable.

On the whole, the Tipulidce may be divided into two sections,
the TIPULINA having long, and the LIMNOBINA having short palpi.
This division, indeed, is no natural one, since some genera with ^
long palpi agree in all the rest of their organization more with the
genera of the second than of the first section.

The genera of Tipulidce hitherto established, as I know them by
sight, or, in part, by the definitions of their authors, may be dis-
tributed as follows. To the Tipulinn belong: TIPULA Linn.,
PRIONOCERA Loeiv, PACHYRHINA Macq., NBPHROTOMA JTe^., CTE-
NOPHORA Meig. , DOLICHOPEZA Meig. , OzoDiCERATI/acy., CTENOGYNA
Macq., GYNOPLISTIA Westw., PTILOGYNA Westw., MEGISTOCERA
Wied., APEILESIS Macq., PTYCHOPTERA Meig.; MACROCHILE Loew,
PROTOPLASA 0. S., PTEROCOSMUS Walk., HESPERINUS Walk., BIT-
TACOMORPHA Westw., and RHAMPHIDIA Meig. To the section of
Limnobina must be referred : LIMNOBIA Meig., GLOCHINA Meig.,
RHIPIDIA Meig., GERANOMYIA Hal. (= Aporosa Macq.), DICRA-
NOMYIA Steph., ANTOCHA 0. S., ELEPHANTOMYIA 0. S., LIMNOBIO-
RHYNCHUS Westw. (= Toxorhina Loew), DICRANOPTYCHA 0. S.,
TEUCHOLABIS 0. S. , ERIOPTERA Meig. , SYMPLECTA Meig. , CRYPTO-
LABIS 0. S., GONOMYIA J/e#., GNOPHOMYIA 0. S., CLADURA 0. S.,
TRICHOCERA Meig., CYLINDROTOMA Meig., ANISOMERA Meig., AR-
RHENICA 0. S., ERIOCERA Macq., DICRANOTA Zett., ULA Hal.,
AMALOPIS Hal., TRICYPHONA Zett., EVANIOPTERA Guer., PEDICIA

Lair., LlMNOPHILA Macq., EPIPHRAGMA 0. S., DlCRANOPHRAGMA

TTPULIDAE. 1 1

0. S., IDIOPTERA Macq., LASIOMASTIX 0. S., DACTYLOLABIS 0. S.,
PRIONOLABIS 0. S. ; as Limnobina may also be mentioned the fossil
genera which have been found in Prussian amber : TRICHONEURA,
CALOBAMON, HAPLONEURA, CRITONEURA, TANYMERA, TANYSPHYRA,
STYRINGOMYIA, ATARACTA, and ALLARITHMIA. As genera of
doubtful location we may add the genus POLYMERA Wied., and the
anomalous genera DIXA Meig. and CHIONEA Dalm.

We know as genera of Tipulina occurring in N. A. the follow-
ing : TIPULA, PACHYRHINA, CTENOPHORA, PTILOGYNA, PTYCHOP-
TERA, PROTOPLASA, HESPERINUS, BITTACOMORPHA, and RHAMPHI-
DIA. About the genera and species of Limnobina indigenous in
N. A., Baron Osten Sacken, in the Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1859, has published a detailed
and valuable paper, which enters into a more complete and tho-
rough exposition of the system of this section than is possible for
me to give here. I must, therefore, refer to this paper. The
species enumerated in it, most of which are new, belong to the
following genera: Limnobia, Rhipidia, Geranomyia, Dicrano-
myia, Antocha, Elephantomyia, Lirnnobiorhynchus, Dicranoptycha,
Teucholabis, Erioptera, Symplecta, Cryptolabis, Gonomyia, Gno-
phomyia, CJadura, Trichocera, Anisomera, Arrhenica, Eriocera,
Dicranota, Via, Amalopis, Pedicia, Limnophila, Epipliragma,
Dicranophragma, Idioptera, Lasiomastix, Dactylolabis, and Prio-
nolabis; also Dixa and Cltionea are recorded as N. A. genera.

Note. The special attention which I have, for several years, paid to
the family of Tipulidce may serve as an excuse for my expressing here
my views on its distribution. Although these views are founded merely
on the study of the species of this continent, the new character which I
introduce for the definition of the two principal sub-families may also
prove useful for the classification of the Tipulidce of other countries.

I divide the American species of Tipulidce, at present known, into three
sub-families, as follows :

I. The auxiliary vein ends in the first longitudinal vein; besides the hu-

meral cross vein, there is no other cross vein between the auxiliary
vein and the first longitudinal vein or the costa ; last joint of palpi
very long, filiform, generally longer than the three preceding taken
together. TIPULINA.

II. The auxiliary vein ends in the costa; there is a cross vein between it

and the second longitudinal vein, generally more or less approxi-
mated to the tip of the Jirst longitudinal vein, sometimes more

1 2 D1PTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

removed from it towards the base of the wings ; palpi in most
cases short ; last joint either very short, or, if elongated, hardly
longer than the three preceding taken together LIMNOBINA.

III. Sixth longitudinal vein (anal vein of the former authors) obsolete.

PTYCHOPTEKINA.

The two first large groups are further distinguished by the structure of
the genital organs of the male, which, in most of the Limnobina, ai - e
represented by a forceps, consisting of two movable, fleshy lobes, with
some delicate horny appendages ; whereas in the Tipulina the forceps is
a very compound organ, consisting of manifold horny pieces, which, being
inclosed between the dorsal and ventral plates of the two last abdominal
segments, produce the club-shaped appearance peculiar to the tip of the
abdomen of this sub-family.

Thus founded, not on a single character, but on a combination of cha-
racters taken from, various organs, the definition of the two great sub-
families hardly leaves any doubtful case among the Tipulidx which I
know of. If one character fails to give a satisfactory result, the others
will generally remove at once any doubt as to the relationship of the spe-
cies. Thus, the last joint of the palpi of Pedicia is unusually long ; but
the auxiliary vein, ending in the subcosta, and the presence of a cross
vein between it and the second vein, immediately refer it to the Limnobina,
where this genus naturally belongs on account of its habitus. (I have
neglected to examine this last joint in fresh specimens of Pedicia, but it
appears very probable that its disproportion with the other joints is far
from being so striking as is the case in the Tipulina.*)

In Rhamphidia, the last joint of the palpi is represented by former
writers to be elongated. I had 110 occasion to ascertain, on living speci-
mens, how far this is correct. But the presence of the cross vein places
this genus among the Limnobina, where it naturally belongs by its habitus.
And even if this character should not be considered as sufficient, on account
of the extreme shortness of the cross vein, placed at the very tip of the
auxiliary vein, the structure of the male genitals removes all doubt.

In some Pachyrhinae there is, near the tip of the auxiliary vein, a blackish
dot, which might perhaps be mistaken for a cross vein. But should it
even be considered as a rudiment of one, the length of the last joint of
the palpi, the structure of the male genitals, etc., assign its place among
the Tipulina, where its habitus most evidently refers it.

In the singular genus Antocha 0. S. the costa and the auxiliary and the
first longitudinal veins coalesce insensibly together, so that there is no
room left for a cross vein. In this case, the shortness of the palpi and
the structure of the male genitals decide of its location among the Lim-
nobina.

I refer to my sub-family of Ptychopterina the genera Ptijclwptcra, Biltaco-
morpha, and Protoplasa (with its congener Macrochile Loew). As to the
distribution of the other genera among the two remaining sub-families, I
agree with Mr. Loew, with the following exceptions:

MYCETOPHILIDAE. 13

JRhamphidia, as shown above, is more related to the Limnobina than to
the Tipulina; by all means it ought not to be separated from Elfphanto-
myia, as Mr. Loew does it. In my paper on the Limnobina of this country,
I have explained the close relationship of both. Elephant omyia is nothing
but a Rhamphidia with an enormously prolonged rostrum, the development
of which has also modified the character of the palpi inserted at its tip.
(Geranomyia, with its long rostrum and stunted palpi, stands precisely in
the same relation to Dicranomyia.)

Gynoplistia Westw. (an Australian genus) and Polymera Wied., both of
which I know only from plates and descriptions, belong, I presume, to the
Limnobina.

Hesperinus, Walk, belongs to iheSibionidas (see my note in that family).

About Pteror.osmus Walk. I have no opinion whatever, not having seen
it, and not being able to establish any opinion on the description.

To the list of genera already found in North America, I have to add
Dolichopesct, Neplirotoma, and probably Cylindrotoma, as I possess a species
apparently closely allied to the latter. Finally, it is the place here to
notice that Mr. Westwood (Lond. and Edinb. Philos. Magaz., 1835) has
described a Gynoplistia annulata from North America. As it is hardly
probable that an Australian genus should also be represented on this con-
tinent, it is to be presumed either that the genus is different, or that the
statement is based upon an error of locality. Gynoplistia has pectinated
antennae in both male and female.

OSTEN SACKEK.

FAM. VII. MYCETOPHILIDAE.

Charact. Ocelli three or two, in the latter case often hardly perceptible.
Thorax without a transverse suture ; wings without discal cell.
Coxse much elongated ; all the tibise with spurs.

On the whole, the Mycetophilidce are so easily known that it would
be superfluous to give any more details about them. The genus
differing the most from the rest is Sciara, which shows some
affinity with the Cecidomyidce.

The genera hitherto introduced in this family are the following:
CORDYLA Meig. (= Brachypaljms Macq.), MYCETOPHILA Meig.,
AZANA Walk., LEJA Meig., BOLETINA Staeg. (= Leptomorphits
Walk.), SCIOPHILA Meig., SCIOBTA Loew, TETRAGONEURA Winn.,
GNORISTE Meig., ASINDULUM Lair. ( = Macrorhyncha Winn.),
CEROPLATUS Fair., LEPTOMORPHUS Curt., DIADOCIDIA Ruth. ( =
Macroneura Winn.), ACLADA Loew, MYCETOBIA Meig., PLESIAS-
TINA Winn., DITOMYIA Winn. (Symmerus Walk.), PLATYURA
Meig., PLATYROPTILON Westw., MACROCERA Meig., BOLITOPHILA

14 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Meig. (= Messala Curt.), HETEROTRICHA Loew, DIANEPSIA Loew,
SCIARA Fabr., and the genus DIOMONUS Walk., which is unknown
to me. I have not mentioned the genus SYNAPHA- Meig. , because
it seems to have been founded on an individual of a species of Leja,
which possessed an irregularly formed neuration ; at least as far
as I know, no second specimen of Synapha has been captured
since Meigen's time, while a similar anomaly of neuration of the
wings has been observed several times in other Diptera.

Our knowledge of N. A. Mycetophilidceis exceedingly incomplete.
I have seen species of the genera MYCETOPHILA, BOLETINA, Scio-
PHILA, TETRAGONEURA, PLESIASTINA, DITOMYIA, PLATYURA, MA-
CROCERA, BOLITOPHILA, and SCIARA. Besides these, the existence
of CEROPLATUS seems to be certain, and the genus DIOMONUS,
which I bave never seen, is founded on a N". A. species.

FAM. YIIL SIMULIDAE.

Charact. Ocelli none. Thorax without transverse suture. Wings with
very short hair only visible under a very high magnifying power ;
legs short, tibiae without spurs ; posterior tibire and first joint of
the hind tarsi dilated.

The present family comprises only the genus SIMULIUM Latr.,
rich in species and which cannot be placed in any other family. It
does not seem to be less rich in species in N. A. than in Europe.

FAM. IX. BIBIONIDAE.

Charact. Ocelli three. Thorax without transverse suture ; prothorax
much developed. Wings without discal cell; coxae not prolonged ;
empodium proportionally long, whereas the pulvilli are wanting in
some of the genera.

The family of Bibionidce is divided into two sections sharply
separated from each other, and which it would be proper to con-
sider as distinct families. In the SCATOPSINA, which form the first
section, the palpi are very short, the pulvilli wanting, the tibias
without spurs ; the genera belonging to them are : SCATOPSE
Geoff}'., ASPISTES Meig., ARTHRIA Kirby. To the second section,

the BIBIONINA, belong: DILOPHTJS Meig., BIBIO Geoffr., PENTHE-

RHYPHIDAE XYLOPHAGIDAE. 15

TRIA Meig., CRAPITULA Gimm., PLECIA Wied., EUPEITENUS Macq.,
PACHYNEURA Zett., and SPODITJS Loew.

Species of the genera SCATOPSE, ARTHRIA, DILOPHUS, BIBIO,
PLECIA, and EUPEITENUS are known to occur in JST. A.

Note. At the time when this was written by Mr. Loew, neither he nor I
possessed specimens of the genus Hesperinus, which its author, Mr. Walker,
referred to the Tipulidse. Having obtained specimens since, collected by
Mr. R. Kennicott near the Great Slave Lake, I found that Hesperinus be-
longs to the Bibionidas, and is apparently synonymous with Spodius Loew.
Accordingly, Hesperinus Walk, is to be added to the genera of this family
occurring in N. A., and stricken out from among the Tipulidae. 0. S.

FAM. X. KHYPHIDAE.

Charact, Ocelli three. Thorax without transverse suture ; wings with a
perfect discal cell ; empodiurn similar to a pulvillus ; pulvilli want-
ing.

Of this family also a single genus, RHYPHUS Meig., is known,
which has representatives in Europa, Asia, and N. A.

Observation There is a genus Epidapus Hal., remarkable for
having no wings and no poisers, which I have omitted in the pre-
ceding enumeration of families, because I do not know it. It is
quite impossible to place it among the Mycetophilidce, as Walker
does, if we characterize the families as we have done. It rather
seems to find its place among the Cecidomyidce ; but there is nothing
decisive to be said without the examination of fresh specimens.

II. BRACHYCERA.

FAM. XI. XYLOPHAGIDAE.

Charact. The three basal cells very prolonged, the third longitudinal vein
furcate ; both intercalary veins always present ; the marginal vein
encompassing the whole wing ; the third joint of the antennae annu-
lated or divided into separate joints, always without style or termi-
nal bristle. Tibiae with spurs ; the empodium very developed and
pulvilliform.

The genera belonging here are: XYLOPHAGUS Meig., PACHY-
STOMUS Latr., SUBULA Meig., ELECTRA Loew, CURYSOTHEMIS

16 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Loew, RACHICERUS Hal, COENOMYIA Latr., and ARTHROPEAS
Loew. The new genera CYCLOTELUS, PHYCUS, and DIMASSUS, es-
tablished by Walker as belonging to the Xylophagidce, belong in
fact to the Therevidce; likewise NONACRIS must be removed here,
but Walker's observations on its characters are far too superficial
to admit of any certainty in fixing its place ; also DIALYSIS on ac-
count of the hairy, bristle-like antennal tip ascribed to it by Walker
might seem to be erroneously located among the Xylophagidce, the
characters of which he appears not to have understood.

Ccenomyia Latr. has often been separated from the Xylophagidce
and considered as forming a distinct family: Ccenomyidos, or for-
merly Sicarii. This seems to have been caused by the body of
Ccenomyia. being stout, whereas that of Xylophagus and Subula is
of a slender form. Moreover, the different form of the palpi, which
in Ccenomyia are rather cylindrical and ending in Xylophagus and
Subula in a button-shaped thickening, have been made use of to
justify the separation. But within a recent time forms of Cceno-
myidee have been discovered in which the structure of the body
and palpi is such as to form a link between them and the Xylopha-
gidce; from this, as well as from the agreement of their other
essential characters, results the necessity of reuniting them. In
case the separation should be maintained, Arthropeas ought to be
placed among the Ccenomyidce.

The family of Xylophagidce may be divided into three sections :
CCENOMYINA, RACHICERINA, and XYLOPHAGINA. The Ccenomyina
are characterized by their robust structure, the third joint of the
antennae being annnlated and pointed towards its end, the palpi
being cylindrical. The genera comprised here are CCENOMYIA and
ARTHROPEAS. In the Rachicerina the third joint of the antennas
is divided into separate and frequently very numerous articula-
tions, and the palpi are rather club-like; the body is less heavy
than in the Ccenomyina, but less slender than in the Xylophagina.
The genera ELECTRA, CIIRYSOTHEMIS, and RACHICERUS belong
here. The Xylophagina have the slenderest bodies; the third joint
of the antenna? is annulated and never strikingly pointed ; the
palpi have at their end a button-shaped thickening. The genera
SUBULA, XYLOPHAGUS, and PACHYSTOMUS may be referred here.

I am acquainted with N. A. species belonging to the genera
CCENOMYIA, ARTHROPEAS, RACHICERUS, SUBULA, and XYLOPHAGUS.

STRATIOMYIDAE. It

Two of the species of RACHICERUS cannot be well placed in this
genus without a modification of its characters.

Observation. I have to mention here the genus BOLBOMYIA,
which I established on two fossil species found in Prussian amber.
When I published in 1850 my observations on the Dipterological
Fauna of amber, I thought it would be best placed among the Xy-
lopliagidcK. But I perceive from a N. A. specimen belonging to
Bolbymyia that its claim to that place is more than doubtful, and
at the same time that it is quite as difficult to assign it a fit place
elsewhere.

FAM. XII. STRATIOMYIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; veins of the two main trunks
very crowded anteriorly; both intercalary veins usually existing;
costal vein reaching only to the middle of the wing. Third joint
of the antennse annulated, sometimes divided into several portions.
Tibise without spurs ; empodium much developed, pulvilliform.

This family, rich in various forms, may be divided into five
sharply circumscribed sections. The first is that of the BERIDINA,
easily distinguished by the abdomen not showing five segments,
as in the other sections, but seven, a difference caused only by the
smallness of the two last segments and their concealed situation in
the other sections. The Beridina have often been placed in the
family of Xylophagid.ee, but figure more naturally among the Stra-
iiomyidce. The genera belonging to them are : METOPONIA Macq.
(= Inopus Walk.), BERIS Latr., ACTINA Meig., EXODONTHA
Rond., ACANTHOMYIA Sch., DiPHYSA Macq. , CAMPEPROSOPA Macq.,
perhaps also EXOCHOSTOMA Macq. ; also the genus CHIROMYZA
Wied., which does not differ from Xenomorpha Macq., may be re-
ferred to them. The second section is that of SARGINA, rather
agreeing in the form of the body with the Beridina,, and even
with the Hermetina, but differing from the former by the abdomen
consisting apparently of five segments, and from the latter by the
eyes of the males being much more approximated than those of
the females. As genera of this section may be mentioned CACOSIS
Walk., ACROCHYOTA Wied., EUDMETA Wied., ANALCOCERUS Loew,
SALDUBA Walk., TOXOCERA Macq., HOPLISTES Macq., RAPHIOCERA
.Mzcg.jBASENTiDEMA Macq., DICRANGI'HORA Macq., CHRYSOCHLORA
Macq., PTECTICUS Loew, MEROSARGUS Loew, PEDICELLA Big.,
2

18 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

CHRYSONOTUS Loew, SARGUS Fabr,, CLORISOMA Rond., CHRYSC-
MYIA Macq., and MICROCHRYSA Loew. The third section, HERME-
TINA, is well characterized by the elongated abdomen, the eyes,
which are equidistant and very remote in both sexes, and the
peculiar structure of the antennae, the third joint of which is
transformed into a ciliated lamel. The genera HERMETIA Latr.,
THORASENA Macq. belong to them. The fourth is formed by the
ODONTOMYINA, which are distinguished from the foregoing by their
broad body and from the following section by the less convex ab-
domen and especially by the neuration, the longitudinal veins of
the Odontomyina being more crowded anteriorly, the discal cell
being smaller, hexagonal or pentagonal, never large or subquad-
rate ; moreover, both intercalary veins are usually present, while
the posterior one is almost always wanting in the Pachygastrina.
The following genera may be referred to the Odontomyina: CY-
PHOMYIA Wied., "GnoRDONOTA Gerst., EUPARYPHUS Gerst., PYCNO-
MALLA Gerst., ALLIOCERA Saund., STRATIOMYS Geoff"., ODONTOMYIA
Meig., INERMYIA-B^., NEMOTELUS Geojfr., OXYCERA Meig., HETE-
ROXYCERA Big., EPHIPPIUM Latr., CLITELLARIA Meig., CYCLOGAS-
TER Macq. (= Lasiopa Brull.), ARTEMIDA Walk., AISSA Walk.,
METABASIS Walk., PROMERANISA Walk. The fifth section is that
of the Pachygastrina ; it is distinguished by the longitudinal veins
being less crowded towards the costal border, by the magnitude
and quadrangular form of the discal cell, the almost general want
of the posterior intercalary vein, the short, generally much inflated,
abdomen, and its segments soldered together in some genera. The
genera belonging here are : PACIIYG ASTER Meig., LOPHOTELES oew,
STERNOBRITHES Loeiv, PLATYNA Wied., BIASTES Walk., PTILOCERA
Wied., CHATJNA Loew, BLASTOCERA Gerst., SPYRIDOPA Gerst.,
PANACRIS Gerst,, NERTJA Walk., CULCUA Walk., EVAZA Walk.,
ANACANTHELLA Macq.; perhaps also PHYLLOPHORA Macq., and
ANISOPHYSA Macq.

To which section of the Stratiomyida the genera Solva, Amp-
salis, Tracana, Rosapha, Tinda, Saruga, Gabaza, Adraga, and
Obrapa, lately formed by Walker, are to be referred, the extreme
vagueness of the characters ascribed to them does not allow me to
determine.

The N. A. species which are now known to me belong to the
following genera: I. Beridina: METOPONIA, ACTINA ; II. Sargi-

ACANTHOMERIDAE TABANIDAE. 1 9

na: SARGUS, MICROCHRYSA : III. Hermetina: HERMETIA : IY.
Odontomyina: CYPHOMYIA, EUPARYPHUS, STRATIOMYS, ODONTO-
MYIA, NEMOTELUS, OXYCERA, CLITELLARIA ; V. Pachygastrina :
PACHYGASTER, CHAUNA.

FAM. XIII. ACANTHOMERIDAE.

Charact. Basal cells much prolonged ; longitudinal veins not crowded
together anteriorly ; two intercalary veins always present ; marginal
vein running round the whole border of the wing. Oral parts with
four bristles, even in the male. Third joint of the antennae annu-
late. Tibiae without spurs ; ernpodiura developed to a pulvillar
form.

This small family contains only the two genera ACANTHOMERA
Wied. and RAPHIORHYNCHUS Wied. It differs from the Stratio-
myidce by the longitudinal veins not being crowded together ante-
riorly, by the marginal vein encompassing the whole border of the
wing and by the fourth cell of the posterior margin being closed.
It differs from the Tabanidce in the form of the oral parts and by
the tegulre being very little developed; as to the oral parts, I have
no absolute opinion of my own, but must rely on the communica-
tions of others.

No species of this family has been as yet discovered in N. A..

FAM. XIV. TABANIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; third longitudinal vein fur-
cate ; two intercalary veins always present; marginal vein running
round the whole border of the wing ; tegulse rather large. Proboscis
of the male with four, of the female with six bristles. Third joint
of the antennas annulate, rarely divided into distinct joints, always
without style or bristle ; empodium much developed and pulvilli-
form.

The Tabanidce are easily distinguished from the foregoing fami-
lies by the structure of the oral parts and by the size of the tegulos.
On account of the presence or absence of spurs at the end of the
posterior tibia? they may be divided into the sections of PANGONINA
and TABANINA ; the former often, but not always, possess ocelli,
whereas, according to the observations hitherto made, they are
always wanting in the latter section.

To the Pangonina belongs, firstly, the genus PANGONIA Lair,

20 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

with the genera separated from it and partly connected with each
other by passages : Philoliche Hffgg. , Dicrania Macq. , PeJeco-
rhynchus Macq., Cadicera Macq., Nuceria Walk., Melpia Walk.,
Scaptia Walk., Tacina Walk., Phara Walk., Clanis Walk., Osca
Walk., Scione Walk., Ph'nthina W silk. , ScarphiaWalk., and Lilcea
Walk.; moreover, the genera: SCEPSIS Walk., SILVIUS Meig. , ME-
SOMYIA Macq., TABANOCELLA Big., ECTENOPSIS Macq., RHINOMYZA
Wied., ERODIORHYNCHUS Macq., GASTROXIDES Saund., PRONOPES
Loew, CHRYSOPS Meig., and NEMORIUS Rond.

The Tabanina comprise the genera: TABANUS Linn., with The-
rioplectes Zell., DICHELACERA Macq., LEPISELAGA Macq., SELA-
SOMA Macq., HADRUS Pert., DIABASIS Macq., ACANTHOCERA Macq.,
DASYBASIS Macq., HEXATOMA Meig., and HJEMATOPOTA Meig.

The N. A. species which we are acquainted with belong to the
genera: I. Pangonina: 1. PANGONIA Latr., 2. SILVIUS Meig., 3.
CHRYSOPS Meig. II. Tabanina: 4. TABANUS Linn., 5. LEPI-
SELAGA Macq., 6. DIABASIS Macq., 7. EJEMATOPOTA Meig.

FAM. XV. LEPTIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; third longitudinal vein fur-
cate ; two intercalary veins always present ; marginal vein running
round the whole border of the wing. Third joint of the antennae
simple, with a simple or thickened styliform bristle. Tibiae with
spurs ; empodium much developed, pulvilliform.

This family is very easily distinguished from the foregoing
families by the simple third joint of its antennae. A division into
sections has not been attempted yet, and would be useless for the
small number of genera hitherto known. The genera belonging
to this family are as follows: DASYOMMA Macq., CHRYSOPILA
Macq., TRIPTOTRICHA Loew, LEPTIS Fair., VERMILEO Macq. (=
Psammorycter Blanch.), ATHERIX Meig., NODUTIS Meg. (= Ibisia
Rond.), and SPANIA Meig. ( Ptiolina Zett. = Leptipalpus
Rond.).

The location here of the genus SynecJtes is one of the many
errors which we meet with in the writings of Mr. Walker.

I know N. A. species belonging to the genera : 1. CHRYSOPILA
Macq., 2. LEPTIS Fabr., 3. TRIPTOTRICHA Loew, 4. ATHERIX Meig.
Mr. Walker has also recorded a species of the genus Spania Meig.

CYRTIDAE HIBMONEURIDAE. 21

FAM. XVI. CYRTIDAE.

Charact. Thorax and abdomen inflated. Eyes occupying the greatest
part of the head. Tegulae vaulted, exceedingly large. Wings
naked, with variable neuration, sometimes very intricate, some-
times very incomplete ; the basal cells, when present, are of consi-
derable length. Terminal joint of the antennae simple. Tibiae
without spurs; empodium much developed, pulvilliform.

This family is divided into the two sections of CYRTINA and
ONCODINA. In the former section the veins of the wings are strong
and well developed, and the neuration is usually rather complicated.
It contains the genera: CYRTUS Latr., PTEROPEXUS Macq., EPI-
CERINA Macq., PANOPS Lam. (= Mesophysa Macq.), LASIA Wied.,
EULONCHUS Gerst., PSILODERA Griff. (- Mesocera Macq.), PTERO-

DONTIA Griff., ASTOMELLA L. Duf., PHYLLIS EricllS., OCN^EA

Ericlis. ( Eriosoma Macq. = Exelasis Walk.), PIALEA Erie/is.,
OBSEBIUS Cost. (= Pithogaster Loew), PHYSEGASTER Macq.

The section Oncodina is distinguished by the anterior veins of
the wings alone being completely developed, whereas the posterior
ones are not only very incomplete, but also disappear gradually,
and frequently are not completely connected. The genera which
belong here are: ONCODES Latr. (==. Henops Meig.), TERPHIS
Erichs. and PHILOPOTA Wied.

The N. A. species known to me belong to the genera: I. Cyr-
tina: 1. CYRTUS Latr., 2. OCN.SA Erichs., 3. PTERODONTIA Griff.,
4. ACROCERA Meig., 5. a genus hitherto unnamed, and related to
Obsebius, 6. EULONCHUS Gerst., occurring in California. II. On-
codina: 7. ONCODES Latr.

FAM. XVII. HIRMONEURIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; veins of the wings varying ;
third longitudinal vein furcate; the two intercalary veins present.
Third joint of the antennae simple ; terminal bristle simple or simi-
lar to a style, and consisting of several joints. Tibiae without ter-
minal spurs ; empodium pulvilliform, but more frequently minute
as well as the pulvilli.

This family, usually called Nemestrinidce, must be divided into
the two sections HIRMONEURINA and RHYNCHOCEPHALINA. The
first comprises the genera: HIRMONEURA Meig., EXERETONEURA

22 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Macq., COLAX Wied., TRICHOPSIDEA Westw., and SYMMICTUS Loew,
all of which are characterized by their very short proboscis. To
the second belong the genera: FALLENIA Meig., NEMESTRINA Wied.,
MEGTSTORHYNCHUS Macq., TRICHOPHTHALMA Westw., and RHYN-

CHOCEPHALUS Fisch.

We are only acquainted with a single N. A. species belonging
to HIRMONEURA Meig.

FAM. XVIII. MID A SID AE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; third longitudinal vein fur-
cate ; posterior intercalary vein always present, whereas the ante-
rior one is often wanting ; veins of the wings varying ; wings naked.
Antennse clavate with the third joint consisting of several distinct
segments. Under lip fleshy. Ernpodium very little developed.

To this family belong the genera: MIDAS Fair., CEPHALOCERA
Latr., RHOPALIA Macq., and DOLICHOGASTER Macq. POMACERA
Macq. may also be placed here till its true place is found.

The N. A. species hitherto known belong only to the genus
MIDAS Fabr.

FAM. XIX. ASILIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged. Third longitudinal vein of
the wings furcate, the two intercalary veins always present. Third
joint of the antennae simple; under lip forming a horny sheath;
empodium similar to a horny bristle.

This family, rich in species of the most varied forms, is divided
into three sections. The first of them is that of the DASYPOGO-
NINA, differing from the two others by its second longitudinal vein
running into the border of the wing, whereas in the others it
unites with the first longitudinal vein before the border of the wing.
The considerable number of genera requires a further division into
two subordinate groups, the first of which comprises those genera
in which the anterior tibias end in a hooked spine, whereas the
genera of the second portion have no such spine. Consequently
the genera belonging to the first group of Dasypogonina are as
follows: DASYPOGON Meig., SAROPOGON Loew, LASTAURUS Loew,
MORIMNA Walk., CYRTOPHRYS Loew, LAPARUS Loew, BRACHYRHO-
PALA Macq., CHEILOPOGON Bond., LAGODIAS Loew, and PEGE-

. ASILIDAE. 23

SIMALLUS Loew. Those of the second group are : MICROSTYLUM
Macq., MEGAPOLLION Walk., XIPKOCERUS Macq., DOLICHODES
Macq., DISCOCEPHALA Macq,, SENOBASIS Macq., PLESIOMMA Macq. ,
STENOPOGON Loew, BATHYPOGON Loew, HABROPOGON Loew, HOLO-
TOGowLoew, ERiopOGONZoew, HETEROPOGON Loew, ISOPOGON Loew,
OLIGOPOGON Loew, STICHOPOGON Loew, SAROPOGON Loew, DICRA-
NUS Loew, TRICLIS Loew, EUARMOSTUS Walk., PROLEPSIS Walk.,
CODULA Macq., CABASA Walk., PHELLUS Walk., PHILAMMOSIUS
Walk., GASTRICHELIUS Rond., DACTILISCUS Rond., ELASMOCERA
Rond., PHENEUS Walk., CROBILOCERUS Loew, PYCNOPOGON Loew,
ANAROLIUS Loew, ACNEPHALUM Macq., SISYRNODYTES Loew, RHA-
DINUS Loew, CERATURGUS Wied., DIOCTRIA Meig., TERATOPUS
Loew, DASPLETIS Loew, LAPHYCTIS Loew, SCYLATICUS Loew, II Y-
PENETES Loew, SPANURUS Loew, RHABDOGASTER Loew, DAMALIS
Wied., LEPTOGASTER Meig. (=GonypesIjsA l T.), EUSCELIDIA Westw.,
and LASIOCNEMUS Loew.

The second section of the Asilidce are the LAPHRINA; it agrees
with the third in the second longitudinal vein running into the
first, but differs from it in the style of the antennae either being
thick and stout, and generally only rudimentary, or entirely want-
ing, whereas the antennas of the third section possess a distinct
terminal bristle. The genera of the second section are: LAPHRIA
Meig., LAMPRIA Macq., HOPLISTOMERA Macq., MzGAPODA.Macq.,
RHOPALOG ASTER Macq., MICHOTAMIA Macq., ATOMOSIA Macq.,
LAXENECERA Macq., TAPINOCERA Macq., PHONEUS Macq., LA-
PHYSTIA Loew, NUSA Walk., SCANDON Walk. , DASYLLIS Loew, LA-
MYRA Loew, LAMPROZONA Loew, DASYTHRIX Loew, THEREUTRIA
Loew, AMPYX Walk., CORMANSIS Walk., CHCERADES Walk., Acu-
RANA Walk., PSEUDORUS Walk., POGONOSOMA Rond., and DYSERIS
Loew.

The third section is that of the ASILINA, which is characterized
by its second longitudinal vein running into the first, and by its
antennae having a distinct terminal bristle. The genera belonging
to this section are: MALLOPHORA Macq., PROMACHUS Loew, ALCI-
MUS Loew, PHILODICUS Loew, CRASPEDIA Macq. (= Blepharotes
Westw.), POLYPHONIUS Loew, APOCLEA Macq., ERAX Macq., ERIS-
TICUS Loew, PROCTACANTHUS Macq. , STENOPROSOPIS Macq. , SYNOL-
cus Loew, DYSCLYTUS Loew, LOPHONOTUS Macq., TRICHONOTUS
Loew, DASOPHRYS Loew, PROTOPHANES Loew, DYSMACHUS Loew,
EUTOLMUS Loew, MACHIMUS Loew, MOCHTHERUS Loew (== Helta-

24 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

moneura Big.), STILPNOGASTER Loew, EPITBIPTUS Loew, ITAMUS
Loew, TOLMERUS Loew, CERDISTUS Loew, PROAGONISTES Loew,
ASILUS Linn., ECCOPTOPUS Loew, RHADIURGUS Loew, PAMPONERUS
Loew, ANTJPHRISSON Loew, ECHTHISTUS Loew, ANTIPALUS Loew,
PHILODICUS Loew, LECANIA Hacq., ATRACTIA Macq., and OMMA-
TIUS Wied.

Most of the N. A. Asilidce, but by no means all, may be placed
in the genera hitherto established. I give, as far as I am able to
do so under s'ich circumstances, the following list of genera known
to me as occurring on that continent:

I. Dasypogonina: 1. DASYPOGQN Meig., with several species
which will require the formation of some new genera; 2. MICRO-
STYLUM Macq., 3. DiscocEPHALA Macq., 4. PLESIOMMA Maeq., 5.
STENOPOGON Loew, 6. BATHYPOGON Loeiv, 1. LASTAURUS Loew,
8. EUARMOSTUS Walk., 9. PHENEUS Walk., 10. STICHOPOGON Loew,
11. CERATURGUS Walk., 12. LEPTOGASTER Meig. The X. A. spe-
cies recorded as belonging to DIOCTRIA Meig. are no Dioctrice at
all; at least DIOCTR. OCTOPUNCTATA Say is by no means a true
Dioctria.

II. Laphrina: 13. MEGAPODA Macq., 14. LAPHRIA Meig., 15.
ANDRENOSOMA Rond., 16. LAMPRIA Macq., 17. ATOMOSIA Macq. t
18. LAPHYSTTA Loew.

lll.'Asilina: 19. MALLOPHORA Macq., 20. PfiOMACHUS Loew,
21. ERAX Macq., 22. PROCTACANTHUS Macq., 23. MOCHTHERUS
Loeiv, 24. EPITRIPTUS Loew, 25. OMMATIUS Wied.

FAM. XX. THEREUIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; the two intercalary veins
present ; third longitudinal vein furcate. Antennze with a terminal
style of variable form, sometimes wanting. No empodium. Under
lip fleshy.

The principal genera belonging to this family are: XESTOMYZA
Wied., FARYPHORA Loew, CIONOPHORA Egg., EXAPATA Macq.,
THEREUA Latr., ECTINORHYNCHUS Macq., ANABARHYNCHUS Macq.,
TABUDA Walk., CYCLOTELUS Walk., PHYCUS Walk., and DIMASSUS
Walk.

The N. A. species with which I am acquainted may be conve-
niently placed under the genus THEREUA Latr. In case the genus

BOMBYLIDAE. 25

PsilocepJiala Zett,, which does not appear to be well founded, should
be admitted, some species with naked faces would be located in it.

FAM. XXI. BOMBYLIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; anterior intercalary vein
present almost without exception, the posterior always wanting ;
third joint of the antennae simple; empodium quite rudimentary.

This, again, is a family exceedingly rich in the most varied
forms. A distribution into several tribes would therefore be very
useful ; the two sections hitherto adopted, one of which comprises
the genera grouped round the genus Bombylius, having a long
proboscis, while the second consists of genera more allied to the
genus Anthrax, having a short proboscis, do not appear sufficient
to embrace all the forms which have hitherto been discovered. I
am unable to give a better distribution, and I think it will not be
possible to do so until the number of sections is increased to at
least five or six. The genera of Bombylidce are as follows: BOM-
BYLIUS Linn., EURYCARENUS Loew, TRIPLASIUS Loew, SYSTOZCHUS
Loew, SPARNOPOLIUS Loew, DISCHISTUS Loew (= Bombylisoma
Rond.), PARISUS Walk., CHORISTUS Walk., HETEROSTYLUM Macg.,
LASIOPROSOPA Macq., ADELIDEA Macq., ACREOTRICHUS Macq.,
APATOMYZA Wied., THLIPSOMYZA Meig., AMICTUS Wied., MEGA-
PALPUS Macq., PHTHIRIA Meig., CYCLORHYNCHUS Macq., DASYPAL-
pus Macq., CROCIDIUM Loew, GERON Meig., APOLYSIS Loew, OLI-
GODRANES Loew, MuLio Latr. (= Glossista Rond.), CHALCOCHITON
Loew, CALLOSTOMA Macq., SERICOSOMA Macq., TOXOPIIORA Meig.,
ENICONEURA Macq., LEPIDOPHORA Macq., CORSOMYZA Wied., ECLI-
MUS Loew, SYSTROPUS Wied., DOLICHOMYIA Wied., Usio Latr.,
PLATYPYGUS Loew, CYRTOSIA Perr. , PLEAS Latr., CYLLENiAZortr.,
LAGOCHILUS Loew, ANISOTAMIA Macq., LOMATIA Meig., ONCODO-
CERA Macq., PLESIOCERA Macq., LIGYRA Neivm. , ANTHRAX Scop.,
ARGYROMCEBA Schin., NEURIA Newm., COMPTOSIA Macq., LITO-
RHYNCHUS Macq., SPOGOSTYLUM Macq., ENICA Macq., TOMOMYZA
Wied., ARGYROSPILA Rond., EXOPROSOPA Macq., AUTONIA Loew.

The N. A. Bombylidce which I have seen may be distributed
amongst the following genera: 1. BOMBYLIUS Linn. , 2. SYSTCECHUS
Loew, 3. SPARNOPOLIUS Loew, 4. LEPIDOPHORA Westw., 5. TOXO-
PIIORA Meig., 6. GERON Meig., 7. SYSTROPUS Wied., 8. PLOAS

26 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Latr., 9. ANTHRAX Scop., 10. ARGYROMOZBA Schin., 11. EXOPRO-
SOPA Hacq.

Moreover, Macquart has founded bis genus Oncodocera on a N.
A. species, and described a N. A. species among his Anisotamice,
though it seems to be an alien there. Mr. Walker described some
N. A. species, which he placed under the genera Apatomyza Wied.
and PhtJiiria Meig.

FAM. XXII. SYRPHIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged ; third longitudinal vein sim-
ple ; a spurious longitudinal vein {vena spuria) between the third
and fourth longitudinal veins ; fourth longitudinal vein united at
its end with the third ; no intercalary veins. Hypopygiuni unsym-
metrical ; no empodium.

This is one of the most extensive families and includes about
eighty genera, the enumeration of which seems to be superfluous
here. A distribution into sections, however desirable, proves
exceedingly difficult. To divide the family into genera with an
antennal bristle and genera with a terminal style would be no great
gain, since the number of the latter is very small.

I know the following genera to occur in N. A. : VOLUCELLA
Geoffr., TEMNOCERA St. Farg., MICRODON Meig. (= ApJiritis
Latr.), CERiA^r., SERICOMYIA Meig., TROPIDIA Meig., SYRITTA
St. Farg., XYLOTA Meig., MALLOTA Meig., BRACHIPALPUS Macq.,
MILESIA Latr., SPHECOMYIA Latr., SOMULA Macq., CHRYSOTOXUM
Meig., MlXTEMYIA Macq., MALLOTA Meig., HELOPHILUS Meig.,
ERISTALIS Latr., PLAGIOCERA Macq., OCYPTAMUS Macq ., BACCHA
Fair., SPHEGINA Meig., RHINGIA Fair., ORTHONEURA Macq. (=
Cryptineura Big.), PARAGUS Latr., CHEILOSIA Meig., CflRYSO-
CHLAMYS Bond., DOROS Meig., DIDEA Macq. (= Enica Meig.),
MELITHREPTUS Loew (= Sphserophoria Macq.), MESOGRAMMA
Loeio, SYRPHUS Fair., SCJEVA Fair., PLATYCHEIRUS St. Farg.

It results from the remarks of some authors that species of the
genera: Pipiza Fall., Chrysogaster Meig., EpistropJie Walk., Po-
lydonta Macq., and Merodon Latr. occur with certainty in N. A.

The genus Chymopkila Macq. founded on a N. A. species must
be entirely blotted out from the list of genera. For it is evident
that Bigot is right in stating that the specimen on which it was

MYOPIDAE. 27

founded was a composition of a body of a Microdon with the head
of a Conops. The genus Toxomerus Macq. has not been mentioned
in the above list, it being quite untenable. I judge Dimeraspis
Xewm. to be identical with Microdon. Psarus has been omitted,
because the species described under this name must be placed in
other genera. The statement of Eumerus Meig. occurring in N.
A. is founded merely on an observation of Walker, and therefore
requires further confirmation. Macquart records a 1ST. A. species
of the genus Psilota Meig., but this genus having been misunder-
stood by most authors, I do not venture now to mention it among
those truly represented in N. A.

FAM. XXIII. MYOPIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells large, the third closed, more or less remote
from the posterior border ; all longitudinal veins simple ; no inter-
calary vein. Eyes in both sexes broadly separated ; proboscis, with
few exceptions, much prolonged ; rnaxillse small ; the third joint of
the antennae with an apical style or a thick dorsal bristle. Hypo-
pygiurn symmetrical, turned under the abdomen. Empodiuin
wanting.

Omitting the untenable genera into which the genus Conops has
been subdivided by Rondani and the genus Myopa by Ferris, we
mention here the genera: CONOPS Linn., PLEUROCERINA Macq.,
ZODION Latr., MYOPA Latr. and STACHINIA Macq.

This family has been divided by some authors into two families:
Conopidse and Myopidse, the former containing those genera which
have an apical style on the antennae, the latter being characterized
by a dorsal bristle of the antennae. I cannot approve of this divi-
sion at all, since the difference between a style and a bristle, and
the difference of an apical and a dorsal position, according to all
experience, only furnishes characters of very inferior value for the
systematic arrangement, as we see in the families Stratiomydae,
Bombylidse, Syrphidde, Hybotidse, Dolichopidse, etc., where this
organ is sometimes apical, sometimes dorsal. "We might as well
form two families on account of the proboscis being either straight
or geniculated. But the conspicuity of the difference in the struc-
ture of the antenna? may serve to form two sections in the family,
CONOPINA and MYOPINA, the former of which would contain the
genera Conops and Pleurocerina, the latter the genera Zodion,
Myopa, and Stachynia.

28 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

The N. A. species which I know belong to the genera: 1. Co-
NOPS Linn., 2. ZODION Latr., 3. MYOPAZafr-., 4. STACHYNIA Macq.

FAM. XXTV. PIPUNCULIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells much prolonged, the hindmost closed near the
border of the wing ; third longitudinal vein simple, the fourth
sometimes almost entirely wanting, sometimes furcate when perfect ;
no intercalary vein. Head almost entirely occupied by the eyes,
front and face exceedingly narrow ; antennae with a basal bristle.
Hypopygium unsymrnetrical. Tibiae without spurs ; empodiuni
wanting.

This family only comprises the three genera: NEUROPHOCERUS
Zett., PIPUNCULUS Lair, and CHALARUS Walk.

The N. A. species known to me belong all to the genus
PIPUNCULUS Latr.

FAM. XXV. SCENOPINIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells very large ; the third closed rather far from
the border of the wing; third longitudinal vein furcate ; no inter-
calary vein ; third joint of the antennae without style or bristle.
No empodium.

This family possesses so many peculiarities that it is very difficult
to find a fit place for it among the other families, though it ex-
hibits much affinity with some of them. I would especially point
out the Bornbylidce as deserving a closer comparison in order to
investigate their true relationship. At present it seems best to
follow those authors who have considered the genus SCENOPINUS
as the type of a separate family.

Some species of SCENOPINUS occur in X. A.

FAM. XXVI. PLATYPEZIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells rather large, the hindmost always ending
acutely, at more or less distance from the border of the wing ; third
longitudinal vein simple ; no intercalary vein. Antennae with an
apical bristle. Hypopygium symmetrically turned under the abdo-
men. Middle tibiae with spurs ; empodium wanting.

The genera which belong to this family are : PLATYPEZA Meig.,
CALLOMYIA Meig., OPETIA Meig., and PLATYCNEMA Zett.

LONCHOPTERIDAE HYBOTIDAE. 29

I know only one species of PLATYCNEMA, one species of CALLO-
MYIA, and two species of PLATYPEZA occurring in N. A.

FAM. XXVII. LONCHOPTERIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells of moderate size, of nearly equal length ; fourth
longitudinal vein furcate and united with the fifth near the base.
Antennae with an apical bristle. Empodium wanting.

This family is also founded on a single genus which cannot be
placed in any other family. Though in LONCHOPTERA the basal
cells are by no means large, yet their structure and the great deve-
lopment of the sixth longitudinal vein seems to prove that this
family should be reunited with one of those already mentioned.
However, by the form of its neuration and its anal parts it differs
so widely from them, that it is very difficult to state in what their
affinity consists. Mr. Walker has lately added the genus CADREMA
to the family of Lonchopteridce.

LONCHOPTERA is found in N. A .

FAM. XXVIII. HYBOTIDAE.

Charact. Three basal cells complete, rather large, the third only a little
shorter than the second ; posterior transverse vein of the base
generally running perpendicularly or at a somewhat acute angle
into the sixth longitudinal vein, and thus not being parallel to the
posterior border of the wing ; third longitudinal vein frequently
furcate ; anterior intercalary vein often wanting, posterior never
present. First joint of the antennae not much shortened, the third
more frequently with a bristle than with a style, the bristle some-
times dorsal instead of being apical. Empodium membranaceous
and linear.

The three families : Hybotidse, Empidse and Tachydromidse run
into each other so insensibly, that it is very difficult to indicate
sharp limits between them. If we select this or that character as
being of greater importance, we shall always obtain a different result
as to these limits. I maintain the family Hybotidse only with the
view of falling in with the usual arrangement, since I am fully
satisfied that there is no sharp limit to be drawn between it and
that of the Empidse. For neither the more convex thorax, nor
the horizontal direction of the proboscis, nor the form and position
of the palpi, nor the simplicity or furcation of the third longitudi-

30 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

nal vein, nor the presence or absence of the anterior intercalary
vein are characters, on which whether we use them singly or in
any combination we can found a satisfactory or sharp defini-
tion of both families. The resemblance of some Hybotidse with
some Bombylidse cannot be denied, but their place will never be
doubtful if we consider, that in the Bombylidse the third basal cell
is open or only closed near the border of the wing, while in all
Hybotidae it always remains remote from that border. To the
family Hybotidse may be referred : BRACHYSTOMA Meig., HYBOS
Fabr., SYNECHES Hal. (= Pterospilus Rond. = Harpamerus
Big.), SYNDYAS Loeiv, STENOPROCTUS Loew, ACARTERUS Loeiv,
MEGHYPERUS Loew, OEDALEA Meig., EUTHYNEURA Macq. (= An-
thalia Zett.), OCYDROMIA Meig., TRICHOPEZA Rond. on account of
of its near relation with Brachystoma and LEPTOPEZA Macq. on
account of its resemblance with Oeydromia, The two last genera
might as well be placed among the Empidse, since they agree with
them in having the posterior basal transverse vein parallel to the
border of the wing.

The 1ST. A. species which I possess belong to the following
genera: BRACHYSTOMA Meig., HYBOS Fabr., SYNECHES Walk.,
SYNDYAS Loew, and LEPTOPEZA Macq. Mr. Walker also describes
a species which he believes to belong to the genus OCYDROMIA Meig.

FAM. XXIX. EMPIDAB.

Charact. Three basal cells complete, rather large, the third shorter than
the second ; posterior basal transverse vein parallel to the border of
the wing ; third longitudinal vein frequently furcate ; anterior in-
tercalary vein present, the posterior wanting. First joint of the
antennae not much shortened, third joint with an apical bristle
sometimes resembling a style. Empodium membranaceous and of
a linear form.

The genera belonging to this family are : EMPIS Meig., PACHY-
MERIA Macq., ERIOGASTER Macq. , APLOMERA Macq., RHAMPHO-
MYIA Meig., HILARA Meig., RAGAS Walk., GLOMA Meig., MICRO-
PHORUS Macq., HORMOPEZA Zett., ITEAPHILA Zett., MICROSANIA Zett. ,
and CYRTOMA Meig.

The X. A. species known to me belong to the genera : EMPIS
Meig., PACHYMERIA Macq., RHAMPHOMYIA Meig., HILARA Meig.,

TACHYDROMID AE. 3 1

and CYRTOMA Meig. Mr. Walker records a N". A. species belong-
ing to the genus GLOMA Meig.

FAM. XXX. TACHYDROMIDAE.

Charact. The hindmost basal cell not always present, the second basal
cell sometimes coalescent with the discal cell ; when present they
are of a tolerable size, but the hindmost is always remote from the
border of the wing ; third longitudinal vein sometimes furcate ; an-
terior intercalary vein sometimes present, the posterior never. First
joint of the antennse very much shortened so that the antenna may
easily be taken for biarticulate. Empodium membranaceous and
of a linear form.

To this family belong the genera: HEMERODROMIA Meig. with
CHYROMANTIS Rond. and MANTIPEZA Rond., PHYLLODROMIA Zett.,
TACHYDROMIA Fabr., DRYODROMIA Rond., ELAPHROPEZA Macq.,
PLATYPALPUS Macq., PHOROXYPHA Rond., SCTODROMIA Hal. (
Microcera Zett.), ARDOPTERA Macq. (= Leptosceles Hal.), CLINO-
CERA Meig., with which HELEODROMIA Hal. (= Paramesia Macq.,)
and WIEDEMANNIA Zett. may be properly reunited.

As genera occurring in N. A. I enumerate : HEMERODROMIA
Meig., TACHYDROMIA Fabr., PLATYPALPUS Macq., ARDOPTERA
Macq., and CLINOCERA Meig. If we may trust Mr. Walker's
statement, the genus DRAPETIS Meig. also occurs in N. A.

Observation. With the Tachydromidse ends the series of those
families of Brachycera which in the greater development of their
basal cells differ from the following, and, with the exception of the
Lonchopteridse, form a rather natural series, if a linear arrangement
may be spoken of as a natural one. The peculiarities, which also
characterize this series of families, and any of which, combined
with that just mentioned, suffice to place a family under this head,
are the following: 1. the third joint of the antennas is composed
of a number of joints more or less soldered together ; 2. the third
longitudinal vein is furcate ; 3. one intercalary vein or both are
present; 4. the empodiurn is considerably developed. These pecu-
liarities characterizing the whole series of families hitherto spoken
of are much lessened in the Hybotidse and Empidse, and still more
so in the Tachydromidse. Tseniaptera, Dacus and other genera
with the third basal cell more developed, are placed by most of
the authors lower down in the series of families which follow. In

32 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

order to retain the accustomed arrangement as much as possible,
I shall leave them in their usual places, though it would seem, that
a more natural arrangement might be obtained, were they added
to the above families which have the basal cells prolonged.

FAM. XXXI. DOLICHOPODIDAE.

Charact. First basal cell rather short, the second united with the discal
cell, the third small ; auxiliary vein running in the first longitudi-
nal vein ; third longitudinal vein simple, the fourth sometimes fur-
cate ; no intercalary vein. Hypopygium symmetrical, bent under
the abdomen. Empodium small, membranaceous, of a linear form.

The principal genera are: PSILOPUS Meig., SYBISTROMA Meig ,
HYPOPHYLLUS Hal,, HERCOSTOMUS Loew, HYGROCELEUTHUS Loeiv,

DOLICHOPUS Jfe^.,TACHYTRECHUS Stann., ORTHOCHILEZo^., GYM-

NOPTERNTJS Loew, LYRONEURUS Loew, PLAGIONEURUS Loew, LIAN-
CALUS Hal., SCELLTJS Loew, HYDROPHORUS Fall, CAMPSICNEMUS
Hal, THINOPHILUS Wahlb., PEODES Loew, ACHALCUS Hal., SYS-
TENTJS Loew, SYNTORMON Loew, SYNARTHRUS Loew, PORPHYROPS
Meig., RHAPHIUM Meig., XIPHANDRIUM Hal., HALTERICERUS
Rond., SMILIOTTJS Loew (= Machserium Hal.), ARGYRA Macq.,
LEUCOSTOLA Hal., NEMATOPROCTUS Loeiv, SAUCROPUS Loew, XAN-
THOCHLORUS Loew, SYMPYCNUS Loew, TEUCHOPHORUS Loew, ANEP-
sius Loew, EUTARSUS Hal, DIAPHORUS Meig., CHRYSOTUS Meig.,
CHRYSOTIMUS Hal, MEDETERTJS Fisch., APHROSYLUS Hal

The 1ST. A. genera which I am acquainted with are : PSILOPUS
Meig., HYGROCELEUTHUS Loew, DOLICHOPUS Meig., TACHYTRECHUS
Sfann., GYMNOPTERNUS Loeiv, PLAGIONEURUS Loew, LIANCALUS
Hal., SCELLUS Loeiv, CAMPSICNEMUS Hal., SYNARTHRUS Loew,
PORPHYROPS Meig., ARGYRA Macq., LEUCOSTOLA Hal, SAUCROPUS
Loew, XANTHOCHLORUS Loew, DIAPHORUS Meig., LYRONEURUS
Loew, CHRYSOTUS Meig. , and MEDETERUS Fisch.

FAM. XXXII. OESTRIDAE.

Charact. Antenna inserted in rounded pits ; the middle part of the face
exceedingly narrow ; the opening of the mouth very small ; the oral
organs rudimentary. Tegulfe large.

This family has often been considered as very distant from the fol-
lowing, but the late discoveries have brought to light forms which

DEXIDAE. 33

are more nearly related to them. The following genera may be
taken for those which constitute the family: TRYPODERMA Wied.
(= Cuterelra Clark), CEPHALOMYIA Latr., CEPHENEMYIA Latr.,
HYPODERMA Clark, GASTRUS Meiy., AULACEPHALA Macg. and
CTENOSTYLUM Macq. A thorough limitation of these genera is
still wanted, and the name of Oestrus, instead of being dropped, as
we see it done by some authors, may perhaps be again restored to
its former rank.

I have seen N. A. species of the genus TRYPODERMA, and others
of the genera CEPHALOMYIA and GASTRUS, introduced in America
from Europe. There is no doubt that species of HYPODERMA
occur there also.

FAM. XXXIII. DEXIDAE.

Charact. Bristle of the antennae hairy or pectinated. Thorax short.
First posterior cell of the wing slightly opened, sometimes closed.
Tegulae large. Legs long.

The family Dexidse agrees with the Tachinidee, Sarcophagidse,
Muscidse, and Anthomyidse, in having the tegulse larger than any
of the following families of the Brachycera. These five families
have been therefore united under the name of Muscarise calyptratse,
and contrasted with the following, called Muscarise acalyptratse.
There is no possibility, it seems, to discover any other constant
character ; that which appears the most serviceable was pointed
out to me by Mr. Haliday; it is the transverse suture of the
thorax being usually of the same depth on its whole extent in
the Muscarise calyptratse, whereas in the Muscarise acalyptratse it
is generally distinct at each side and imperceptible on the middle
of the thorax. But as some families among the so-called Musca-
rise acalyptratse have the tegul3 so well developed as to resemble
those of many Anthomyidx, a high importance cannot be attached
to that subdivision. Should it be maintained, the Oestridse ought
to be placed among the Muscarise calyptratse.

The four families : Dexidse, Tacldnidse, Sarcophagidse, and Mus-
cidse, agree in the first posterior cell being very much narrowed or
closed at the end, and differ in this from the family Anthomyidse.
The former have, for this reason, been comprised under the
common name of Creophilse, in opposition to the latter, which
3

34 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

received the name of Anthophilse. The differences in the organi-
zation of the Muscarise calyptratse are much smaller than those of
any two families among the first series of Diptera brachycera,
which ends with the Tachydromidse, with the sole exception of the
group formed by the Hybotidae, Empidse, and Tachydromidse, in
which a similar relationship exists. Consequently the families in
question here owe their existence much more to the immense
number of species and genera than to a real necessity, based on
differences of structural characters. Hence it is much more diffi-
cult to define their limits, and one must already be well acquainted
with a great number of forms, in order to attempt to point out with
certainty the right place for new ones. In the limitation of these
families I have made use of what has been said about them in
Walker's British Diptera; for however insufficient I may find it, I
know of nothing better to be pnt in its place.

In the family of Dexidse a number of genera have been already
formed; as they still require considerable sifting and a much
sharper limitation than they have at present, it seems useless to
enumerate them here.

The N. A. Dexidse known to me cannot all be placed in the
genera hitherto erected. The species about whose position there
is no doubt belong to the genera: PROSENA St. Farg., MICROPH-
THALMA Macg., DINERA Rob. Desv., and ESTHERIA Rob. Desv.
There is also no doubt about TRICHODURA Macq. and MEGAPROSO-
PUS Macq. occurring in N. A.

FAM. XXXIV. TACHINIDAE.

Charact. Bristle of the antennae bare or with a very short pubescence.
Thorax short. First posterior cell closed or only slightly opened.
Legs short.

The immense extent of this family renders the formation of sec-
tions indispensable. It is best divided into four sections, which
might perhaps be raised into families. The two first of them are
the Tachinina and Ocypterina, both of which differ from the two last
by their abdomen being beset with long bristles. All TACHININA
have an oval abdomen, or when it is nearly cylindrical, its first
segment is much shortened. The abdomen of the OCYPTERINA is
always of a slender cylindrical form, and its first segment elongated.

SARCOPHAGIDAE MUSCIDAE. 35

V

The third section, the GYMNOSOMINA, has a broad front ?nd a
vaulted abdomen. The fourth is that of the PHASINA, having a
very narrow front and a flat abdomen.

My knowledge of the N. A. Tachinidae is a very incomplete one.
I know, however, the following genera: I. Tachinina: 1. DEJEANIA
Hob. Desv., 2. ECHINOMYIA Meig., 3. JURINEA Rob. Desv., 4.
HYSTRICIA Macq., 5. MICROPALPUS Macq., 6. GONIA Meig., 7.
NEMOR-ffiA Rob. Desv., 8. BLSPHARIPEZA Macq., 9. BELVOISIA Rob.
Desv., 10. TACHINA Meig., 11. CHRYSOSOMA Macq., 12. METOPIA
Meig., 13. MILTOGRAMMA Meig., 14. ILLIGERA Rob. Desv., 15.
MASICERA Macq. II. Ocypterina: 16. OCYPTERA Lair. III. Gym-
nosomina: 17. GYMNOSOMA Fall. IV. Phasina: IS. PKASIA. Latr.
19. HYALOMYIA Macq., 20. TRICHOPODA Latr.

FAM. XXXY. SARCOPHAGIDAE.

Charact. Bristle of the antennae plumose or hairy, with the apex bare.
First posterior cell only slightly opened or else closed. Tegulffi
large. Legs stout.

All the N". A. species I have seen belong to the genera : SARCO-
PHAGA Meig., PHRYSSOPODA Rob. Desv., and CYNOMYIA Meig.

FAM. XXXVI. MUSCIDAE.

Charact. Bristle of the antennse entirely plumose or pectinated. Body
never slender; thorax short. First posterior cell only slightly
opened or else closed at the border of the wing. Tegulae large.
Legs stout.

This family contains two sections : the MUSCINA with plumose
antennae, and the STOMOXYNA with pectinated antenna.

The N. A. species which I have examined belong to the genera:
MUSCA Linn., POLLENIA Rob. Desv., CYRTONEURA Macq., PYREL-
LIA Rob. Desv., LUCILIA Rob. Desv., CALLIPHORA Macq., and
STOMOXYS Geoffr. The number of species which N. A. has in
common with Europe is exceedingly striking in this particular
family.

36 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

FAM. XXXVII. ANTHOMYIDAE.

Charact. Thorax with a complete transverse suture. Fourth longitudi-
nal vein straight or nearly so, hence first posterior cell fully open.
Tegulse rather well developed, though in many cases of no large
size.

The riches of the N. A. Fauna in this family have been very
little explored. I know species of the following genera only :
ANTHOMYIA Meig., HOMALOMYIA Bouch., HYLEMYIA Macq., ARI-
CIA Rob. Desv., LISPE Lair., and CCENOSIA Meig. The notices of
Mr. Walker about the occurrence of some species of Eriphia and
of one Dialyta appear to me very uncertain.

FAM. XXXVIII. CORDYLTJRIDAE.

Charact. Neuration of the wings complete ; both posterior basal cells of
considerable size ; auxiliary vein well separated from the first lon-
gitudinal vein ; first longitudinal vein bare. Whole lateral border
of the front bristly; anterior border of the mouth with strong,
usually numerous vibrissae. Tibise with spurs.

With the CordyluridaB we begin that division of Diptera which
is called acalyptratse, and the systematical arrangement of which
is still and will be an unsolved problem, till their structure has
been much more thoroughly studied than has been hitherto the
case. In the present state of our knowledge their subdivision into
a greater number of families seems to be the most advisable course
to pursue.

As for their exterior, the Cordyluridse mostly approach to the
Anthomyidve, and namely to the species of the genus Coenosia, but
the smaller size of their tegulas and the less incomplete develop-
ment of the transverse suture on their thorax serve to distinguish
them. On the other side they are closely allied to the Helomyzidse,
in which, however, the front bears bristles on its upper half only,
the two posterior basal cells are smaller, and the costa of the wings
is always bristly.

N. A. possesses species of CORDYLURA, some of them very inter-
esting, and a number of SCATOPHAG^E among which several coin-
cide with European species.

HELOMYZIDAE SCTOMYZIDAE. 37

FAM. XXXIX. HELOMYZIDAE.

Charact. Neuration of the wings complete ; costa bristly; first longitudi-
nal vein not abbreviated, but bare ; the auxiliary vein is often
rather approximated to it. Front bristly on its upper half only ; a
stout bristle at each side of the anterior border of the mouth. All
the tibiae with spurs and outwards before their tips with a more or
less developed erect bristle.

The close relation of the Helomyzidse to the Gordyluridse in-
duces me to assign them a place here, although the consideration
of the smaller size of their two posterior basal cells would remove
them to a more distant place, in the neighborhood of the Geomy-
zidse and Heteroneuridse. In fact both families are related to
the Helomyzidse. ; but they differ from them by their having the
first longitudinal vein abbreviated and the auxiliary vein lying
close by it, and besides the Heteroneuridse have the peculiarity of
the costa of the wings being without bristles.

The known N. A. species belong to the genera HELOMYZA and
SCIKENOMYZA. Some of them are likewise identical with European
species. ,

FAM. XL. SCIOMYZIDAE.

Charact. Neuration of the wings complete ; two posterior basal cells of
rather considerable size ; auxiliary vein well separated from the
first longitudinal vein. On the lateral border of the front before the
vertical bristles there are two bristles, one behind the other ; face
proportionately long without distinct furrows for the antennae; bor-
der of the mouth sharp, without vibrissje. Middle tibiae with a
greater number of bristles at the tip ; all the tibiae on the outside
before the tip with a small upright bristle.

I know N. A. species that belong to the genera SEPEDON, TETA-
NOCERA, and SCIOMYZA. Some of them are most nearly related to
European species, others seem altogether identical with them. If
we place, and we may well justify our doing so, the genus DRYO-
MYZA among the Sciomyzidse, it must also be named as a genus
represented in N. A. ; one of the two species of this genus occur-
ring there does not seem to differ from the European Dryomyza
anilis Fall. The genus ACTORA Meig., which agrees with the
Sciomyzidse in many characters, may be referred to them without
any great difficulty; but on account of its deviation in the struc-

38 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

ture of the face, the character of the family would have then to be
slightly altered. Mr. Walker has described a N. A. species which
he contends to belong to ACTORA.

FAM. XLI. PSILIDAE.

Char act. Body elongated, with short hairs and almost without bristles.
Neuration of the wings complete ; the auxiliary vein lies close by
the first longitudinal vein, but diverges from it at its end and runs
towards the border of the wing ; by a transverse fold most charac-
teristic ill this family running from the tip of the auxiliary vein as
far as the base of the third posterior cell, the outward end of the
auxiliary vein is obliterated ; the posterior basal cells are very
large. Front with only a few bristles in the neighborhood of the
crown ; face receding ; opening of the mouth small and with no
bristles at its border. Only the middle tibiae have spurs, and all
the tibia? are without erect bristle on the outside.

This family is represented in N". A. by the genera LOXOCERA,
PSILA, and CHYLIZA. The N. A. species, which induced Mr.
Walker to form a new genus Prochyliza, placed by him close by
CJiyliza, belongs to some other family.

FAM. XLII. MICROPEZIDAE.

Charact. Body slender, elongated, with very short hairs and very scarce
bristles. Legs proportionately short ; only the middle tibiaa have
spurs, these being generally very small and weak ; no small erect
bristle on the exterior side of the tibise. Neuration of the wings
complete ; first longitudinal vein bare ; the auxiliary vein is very
close by it and diverges from it towards its end only ; the two
posterior basal cells are very large. Front with some bristles in the
neighborhood of the crown only ; bordering of the mouth without
vibrissse. Last segment of the abdomen of the female prolonged
into a blunt, cylindrical tube.

The family Micropezidse comprises genera which differ among
each other, both in the form of the head and the structure of the
antennas and oral parts. The head is sometimes rounded, some-
times more elongated ; the bristle of the antennas is generally dorsal,
but in some genera apical ; the clypeus sometimes very much de-
veloped, sometimes only rudimentary; the palpi sometimes large,
sometimes small, but never rudimentary. The clypeus being very
much developed and the proboscis very much thickened in the

ORTALIDAE. 39

Tseniaptera Macq. , this family approaches so much to the
Ortalidse, that the bareness of the first longitudinal vein, the
difference in the structure of the female ovipositor, and the corre-
sponding difference in the structure of the male appendages, must
be considered as the chief characters, which distinguish it from
them. The Sepsidee, too, are rather nearly related to the Micro-
pezidse, but are distinguished from them not only by the structure
of the female ovipositor, but also by their palpi being always rudi-
mentary.

The N. A. species I know of are: one true CALOBATA, nume-
rous T^NIAPTER^E, and two MICROPEZ^E. Whether the N. A.
species which Mr. R. Desvoidy refers to the genus NERIUS, really
belong to it, appears to me most doubtful, as they seem to be
Tceniapterce all together. The genus LISSA Meig. occurring like-
wise in N. A., in most characters agrees with the Micropezidte, and
may provisionally be placed among them, till a more convenient
place in the system will be pointed out for it. The genus EUME-
TOPIA erected by Mr. Macquart on a N. A. species, is also related
to the latter, and may likewise obtain here a provisional place.
Both these genera differ from the great bulk of the Micropezidce
by having the legs less slender, the tarsi less abbreviated, and the
last segment of the abdomen not prolonged so as to form a cylin-
drical tube.

FAM. XLIII. ORTALIDAE.

Charact. Neuration of the wings complete ; auxiliary vein separated from
the first longitudinal vein and running to the border of the wing
in tlie usual way, under an acute angle and remaining perfectly
distinct in its whole length ; third longitudinal vein generally
with coarse hairs ; two posterior basal cells large, and the outward
one frequently prolonged in an acute angle. Front with bristles on
the upper part only ; no vibrissse at the border of the mouth ;
clypeus commonly very much developed, and proboscis often very
much thickened. Middle tibire alone with spurs ; no tibise with
an erect bristle on the exterior side before the tip. Ovipositor of the
female rather flattened and horny, consisting of three elongated
segments, forming three drawers like those of a telescope, and end-
ing in a simple point.

The family of Ortalidce is exceedingly rich in variously shaped
organizations, which caused a considerable increase of genera in

40 D1PTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

it. Unfortunately most of them are founded on characters so va-
riable that they are of very little use, and it seems best to retain
the old ample genera. We feel the more compelled to do so, as
many species existing in N. A. cannot be referred to any of the
modern genera.

The whole of the Ortalidce may conveniently be divided into
two sections : the first, which may be named TETANOPINA, has the
front more prominent, the face receding, the opening of the mouth
rather small, the clypeus less developed, and the proboscis less
thick ; in the second, the ORTALINA, the front is not prominent,
the clypeus very much developed, the opening of the mouth much
wider, and the proboscis much thicker.

The N. A. Fauna possesses in PYRGOTA a genus of the first sec-
tion, particularly striking, and even somewhat deviating. Among
the other N. A. Ortalidce known to me there is only one species
belonging to CEPHALIA, whereas all the rest belong to the genus
ORTALIS, if we take it, as Meigen did, in a wider sense, and are
distributed especially among the genera Geroxys, Ortalis, Rivellia
and Delphinia, of modern authors.

FAM. XLIY. TRYPETIDAE.

Charact. Neuration complete ; the end of the auxiliary vein runs steeply
to the border of the wing and becomes obsolete ; first longitudinal
vein always with bristles, the third frequently, the fifth sometimes ;
two posterior basal cells rather large, the hindmost is often prolonged
to a point. Front on each side with two rows of bristles, one of
which is more above and interiorly, the other below and exteriorly.
Border of the mouth with no vibrissse. Clypeus none or rudimen-
tary. Proboscis never incrassated. Only the middle tibiae with
spurs ; all tibiae without erect bristle on the outer side before the
tip. Ovipositor horny, consisting of three elongated retractile
segments like the drawers of a telescope, the last of which ends in
a simple point.

They are divided into two sections, DACTNA and TRYPETINA.
In the former the female abdomen, before the ovipositor, has ap-
parently only four segments, the fifth segment being diminutive
and entirely concealed under the fifth ; in the Trypetina the five
segments are all equally developed.

As the Dacina, 'represented in Europe only by Dacus Olece,

LONCHAEIDAE SAPROMYZIDAE. 41

which lives on the olive-tree, and Petalopliora capitata, exclusively
dependent on the lemon-tree, are in all respects strangers in the
European Fauna, so they appear to be no natives of N. A.; no
species of this division has hitherto been noticed there. The Try.
petina, on the contrary, are represented there by numerous, partly
very handsome species, all belonging to the genus TRYPETA in
Meigen's and Wiedemann's sense.

FAM. XLV. LONCHAEIDAE.

Charact. Neuration complete ; the auxiliary vein runs to the border of
the wing in the usual way, under an acute angle and without be-
coming obsolete, and is very near to the first longitudinal vein ;
this vein is bare ; the two posterior basal cells are small. Front at
each side with a single row of bristles ; border of the mouth with-
out vibrissse ; clypeus rudimentary. Middle tibiae with spurs ; all
tibiae without erect bristle on the exterior side before the tip. The
ovipositor of the female consists of three joints and is rather horny,
quite flattened, and ends in a simple point.

They are divided 'into the PALLOPTERINA having more slender
legs and a broader front, and the LONCH^INA with stouter legs
and a more narrow front.

There is only one species in N. A., that I know of, belonging
to the genus PALLOPTERA : of the second division I have several
species of LONCH^EA, a part of which seem to be identical with
European species.

FAM. XLVI. SAPROMYZIDAE.

Charact. Neuration complete ; auxiliary vein of the usual structure, fre-
quently very much approximated to the first longitudinal vein ;
costa of the wings without bristles or marginal spine ; longitudinal
veins without peculiar hairs ; posterior basal cells small. Front
with a single row of bristles on each side ; no vibrissse on the border
of the mouth ; clypeus rather rudimentary. Only the middle tibiae
have terminal spurs ; all tibiae with a small erect bristle on the
exterior side before the end. Ovipositor of the female not horny.

IS". A. has numerous species of the genera SAPROMYZA and
LAUXANJA, and a few species belonging to PACHYCERINA Jlfacq.,
a genus detached from Lauxania.

42 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

FAM. XLVII. PHYCODROMIDAE.

Charact. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen flat ; pleura excised above the
coxae. Front bristly ; border of the mouth hairy, with no distinct
vibrissae. Legs stout, tibiae with spurs and each with an erect hair
or small bristle on the outside before the tip ; the first joint of the
posterior tarsi not abbreviated ; last joint of all tarsi enlarged, with
stout claws and long pulvilli. Neuration of the wings complete ;
auxiliary vein distinct in its whole length ; costa without bristles ;
basal cells not small.

A certain resemblance with the Borboridce can by no means be
overlooked; however, the Phycodromidee are readily distinguished
by the completeness of the auxiliary vein, the absence of the vibrissse
so remarkable in those, by the first joint of the posterior tarsi not
being abbreviated, and by the increased size of the last joint of all
tarsi. They appear to have more true relation to the Helomyzida,
but from these too they are sufficiently distinguished by the costa
of the wings having no bristles and the border of the mouth having
close hairs, but no real vibrissoe.

Of this family I have seen only one COZLOPA captured in N. A.
It was remarkable by the exceedingly strong spines of its legs.

FAM. XLYIII. HETEROXEURIDAE.

Charact. Neuration of the wings complete, but the first longitudinal vein
rather short, and the auxiliary vein very much approximated to it ;
costa without bristles ; basal cells small. Front with long bristles ;
border of the mouth with a vibrissa at each side ; clypeus not deve-
loped ; palpi broad and proportionately large. Legs, and especially
the tarsi, slender ; middle and posterior tarsi with spurs ; all the
tibiae without erect bristle on the exterior side before the tips ; claws
and pulvilli very small.

I know five N. A. species of this family, four of which belong to
the genus HETERONEURA Meig. ; the fifth cannot be conveniently
placed in any of the genera as yet established.

OPOMYZIDAE SEPSIDAE. 43

FAM. XLIX. OPOMYZIDAE.

Charact. Front with stout bristles above ; clypeus rudimentary ; border
of the mouth either pubescent or with long hairs, the foremost of
which sometimes forms a distinct vibrissa. Proboscis short ; palpi
rather small. Middle tibiae with a distinct, posterior tibias with a
very short spur ; the exterior side of the tibiae without erect small
bristle before the tip ; claws and pulvilli small. Wings elongated
and narrow, with no bristles at the costa; the axillary incision and
alulae are either wanting or very diminutive. First longitudinal
vein much abbreviated ; the auxiliary vein becomes obsolete before
reaching completely the first longitudinal vein ; the latter emits,
shortly before its end, towards the costa, a branch, which may be
considered as the end of the auxiliary vein ; basal cells small.

No species belonging to this family has as yet been noticed in
X. A.

FAM. L. SEPSIDAE.

Charact. Head rounded ; front bristly; border of the mouth more or less
hairy, the foremost hair often imitating a vibrissa ; clypeus rudi-
mentary ; proboscis short ; palpi exceedingly small or wanting.
Abdomen tapering towards the base. Middle tibiae with distinct
spurs ; claws and pulvilli small. Neuration of the wings complete;
the auxiliary vein distinctly separated from the first longitudinal
vein ; the two posterior basal cells rather large.

The most essential character of this family is the rudimentary
condition of the palpi. With this exception its characters are
rather similar to those of the Micropezidce. The genus Cephalia
approaches very much the Sepsidce in structure, but its incrassated
proboscis, its large and broad palpi, and its considerably developed
clypeus prevent it from being reunited with them ; it must, there-
fore, remain among the Ortalidce.

The species of Sepsidce occurring in N. A. belong to the genera
NEMOPODA and SEPSIS, and are, in part, identical with European
species.

44 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

FAM. LI. DIOPSFDAE.

Charact. Neuration of the wings incomplete from the absence of the
foremost of the two small basal cells ; the auxiliary vein very much
approximated to the first longitudinal vein. Head prolonged in
two lateral apophyses bearing the eyes ; front bristly only on the
upper part ; border of the rnouth with no vibrissse. Anterior femora
incrassated.

One species, or if the second one, described by Dr. A. Fitch,
shpuld really prove different two species of the genus SPHYRACE-
PHALA Say have hitherto been found in N. A.

FAM. LIT. PIOPHILIDAE.

Charact. The auxiliary vein, on its whole length, is coalescent with the
first longitudinal vein ; with this exception the neuration of the
wings is complete. Front with some small bristles above only ; bor-
der of the mouth with a vibrissa on each side ; clypeus rudimentary;
legs rather stoat, almost of the structure of those of the Sciomyzidce ;
middle tibiae with spurs ; all the tibiae without erect bristle on the
exterior side before the tip.

The three N. A. species of PIOPHILA which I have seen are quite
identical with European ones; a fourth differs so much from all the
known PiopMlce in the form of the head and the structure of the
antennas, that it must be considered as the type of a new genus.
It seems to be the same species on which Mr. Walker has founded
his genus PROCHYLIZA; if that be really so, he would, by assigning
it a place immediately by Chyliza, have shown that he had been
fully mistaken about its true relation.

FAM. LIII. EPHYDRINIDAE.

Charact. Face convex, with no distinct furrows for the reception of the
antennae and without vibrissae, though frequently beset with hairs or
bristles ; clypeus very much developed ; opening of the mouth large ;
proboscis incrassated with a swollen chin. Neuration of the wings
incomplete ; the auxiliary vein distinct only at its base ; the fore-
most of the two small basal cells reunited with the discal cell.
Middle tibiae with spurs.

They are divided into three sections : Notiphilina, Hydrellina,
and Ephydrina. The Notiphilina are characterized by the second

GEOMYZIDAE DROSOPHILIDAE. 45

joint of the antennse being nnguiculate. The Hydrellina and
Epliydrina, in which that joint is not unguiculatecl, differ from
each other by the former having the eyes hairy and the latter
bare.

The N. A. species hitherto recorded have been so badly charac-
terized that there is no possibility to decide to which section, and
of course far less to which genus they belong. The species which
I am acquainted with and have described in the following pages,
are distributed among the three above named sections as follows:

1. Notiphilina: 1. DICH^ETA Meig. with two European species;

2. NOTIPHILA Fall, five species ; 3. PARALIMNA Loew, one species ;
4. PSILOPA Fall, five species ; 5. DISCOCERINA Macq. five species.
II. Hydrellina: 6. HYDRELLTA Desv. six species; 7. PHILYGRIA
Stenh. three species. III. Ephydrina: 8. OCHTHERA Latr. four
species, one of which is identical with a European species; 9.
BRACHYDEUTERA Loew, one species ; 10. PARYDRA Stenh. two
species; 11. EPHYDRA Fall, one species; 12. SCATELLA Desv.
three species, one of which cannot be positively distinguished as
yet from a European species.

FAM. LIV. GEOMYZIDAE.

Charact. Front with stout bristles above ; border of the mouth with vi-
brissae. Clypeus rudimentary. Middle tibiae with spurs ; all the
tibiae with a small erect hair on the exterior side before the tip.
Wings with bristles on the costa ; first longitudinal vein exceed-
ingly .abbreviated, and the auxiliary vein so approximated to it
that it is distinctly separated from it only towards the base ; the
two posterior basal cells very small.

I know only one species of this family indigenous in N. A. and
belonging to the genus DIASTATA. Mr. Walker records an insect
which he believes to be likewise a Diastata.

FAM. LV. DROSOPHILIDAE.

Charact. Front with bristles above ; face with distinct sub-antennal fur-
rows ; at the border of the mouth there is a feeble, frequently rather
indistinct small vibrissa. Middle tibiae with very feeble spurs ; on
the exterior side of the tibiae there is either a very small or no erect
bristle before the tip. Wings without bristles on the costa; the

46 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

first longitudinal vein is exceedingly abbreviated ; of the auxiliary
vein there is only a rudiment ; the discal cell is usually, but not in
all genera, united with the foremost of the two small basal cells.
Claws and pulvilli very small.

Numerous species of DROSOPHILA are found in N. A., some of
which are perfectly identical with European species, and one STE-
GANA, the difference of which from the European Stegana hypolenca
is at least liable to doubt.

FAM. LYI. OSCINIDAE.

Charact. Front without bristles, the crown having only a few short ones ;
border of the mouth without vibrissse, which, however, are repre-
sented sometimes by a small hair on each side. Middle tibise with
small spurs ; all the tibije without erect bristle on the exterior side
before the tip. Costa of the wings without bristles. The auxiliary
vein is completely wanting ; the anterior of the two small basal
cells is united with the discal cell, the posterior one is totally
wanting.

The N. A. species of this family known to me are distributed
among the genera CHLOROPS, CRASSISETA, SIPHONELLA, MEROMYZA,
and OSCINIS. The species described by Wiedemann under the
name of Homalura plumbella likewise belongs to the genus Sipho-
nella. Macquart has established a genus, ECTECEPHALA, on a
N. A. species, and he says it is nearly related to Platycephala and
Eurina; if that is really the case, it must also be recorded here.

FAM. LVII. AGROMYZIDAE.

Charact. Front with strong bristles ; border of the mouth with a vibrissa
on each side. Middle tibise with a terminal spur ; all the tibise on
the exterior side without erect bristle before the tip. Wings with-
out bristles on the costa; first longitudinal vein very short, and the
auxiliary vein connected with it at the tip ; basal cells existing, but
small; posterior transverse vein generally far distant from the bor-
der of the wing.

The N. A. species which I have seen belong to the genera AGRO-

MYZA, LOBIOPTERA, and MlLICHIA.

PHYTOMYZIDAE ASTEIDAE BORBORIDAE PHOR1DAE. 47

FAM. LVIII. PHYTOMYZIDAE.

Charact. Front bristly ; border of the mouth with vibrissse on each side.
Middle tibiae with spurs; all the tibiae without erect bristle on the
exterior side. Wings without bristles on the costa ; first longitu-
dinal vein very short ; auxiliary vein connected with it at the tip ;
basal cells existing, but small ; posterior transverse vein wanting.

The genus PHYTOMYZA is represented in N. A.

FAM. LIX. ASTEIDAE.

Charact. Front bristly above ; border of the mouth with a vibrissa at
each side. Middle tibiae with spurs ; all the tibise without erect
bristle on the exterior side. Wings without bristles on the costa ;
first longitudinal vein exceedingly short ; auxiliary vein connected
with it only at the tip; second longitudinal vein very short; two
posterior basal cells as well as the posterior transverse vein want-
ing.

No N. A. species of this small family is as yet known.

FAM. LX. BORBORIDAE.

Charact. Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen flat ; front bristly ; face exca-
vated, with a vibrissa on each side of the border of the mouth ;
clypeus developed; first joint of the posterior tarsi abbreviated.
Neuration of the wing incomplete, only a commencement of the
auxiliary vein being at best visible ; the hindmost two basal cells
are not complete in all genera.

N. A. seems to possess numerous species of the genus BORBORUS,
which have not yet been carefully compared with the European
species. One species taken in Cuba is identical with an African
one.

FAM. LXI.

Charact. Antennae apparently single jointed, with a long bristle. Wings
with several stout veins running into the costa, and three or four
weak ones, which run across the surface of the wings and are not
completely connected with the hindmost of the stout veins, from
which they appear to issue. Femora flattened.

Many species of PHORA seem to occur in N. A. ; their form, as
far as I am acquainted with them, differs in no way from that of
the European ones.

48 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

III. COEIACEA.

FAM. LXII. HIPPOBOSCIDAE.

Charact. Head flattened; first joint of all the tarsi, or at least of the an-
terior and middle tarsi, abbreviated.

N". A. possesses species of the genera HIPPOBOSCA Linn., MELO-
PHAGUS Latr., ORNITHOMYIA Leach, and OLFERSIA Wied., several
of which are perfectly identical with European species.

FAM. LXIII. NYCTERIBIDAE.

Charact. Head not flattened ; first joint of all the tarsi rather long or
very long, in comparison with the following.

One STREBLA only and a species belonging to a new genus are
known to me as occurring in N. A.

II.
ON THE NORTH AMERICAN TRYPETIDAE.

1. Extent of the family TRYPETID.E.

In stating that the family of Trypetidce comprises the genera
Trypeta Meig. and Dacus Wied. we define its limits as exactly as
is possible before having developed its character.

The genus Trypeta was founded by Meigen in Illiger's Magazine
II, 277, 94. Shortly after, the same genus was published in
Schrank's Fauna Boica under the name of Trnpanea, and still
later, it appeared in Latreille's writings, in a more vague circum-
scription, under that of Tephritis.

The number of species belonging to it has so much increased
since the time of its creation, and so considerable differences in
their organization have been observed, that not only the limits of
the genus have become a little uncertain, but also the necessity of
a division into smaller genera was felt, and more than one attempt
to satisfy this want has been made.

The first attempt, abortive both from the choice of unfit charac-
ters and from the vagueness of the observations used as foundation
for the characters, was made by Robineau Desvoidy, who distri-
buted the species known to him among the genera Ensina, Stylia,
Oxyna, Oxyphora, Terellia, Forellia, Xyphosia, Sitaria, Orettia,
Tephritis, Urophora, Aciura, Prionella, Sphenella, Urellia, Acinia,
and Nceeta, to which his genera Acidia and Strauzia must be also
added.

Subsequently Macquart reunited these genera into five : Uropho-
ra, Terellia, Tephritis, Acinia, and Ensina, to which he added the
genus Ceratitis M'Leay, which he had previously described himself
under the name of Petalophora. Later, in the "Dipteres exotiques,"
he added Acanthoneura, Campylocera, Meracantha, Toxura, and
Epicerella; the four last, however, if we may depend on his de-
scriptions and figures, must be placed among the Ortalidce.

Mr. Walker, in the " List of the Diptera of the British Museum,"
adopted the genera of R. Desvoidy, after modifying the characters
4

50 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

of several of them, and retained the genera Anomoia and Euleia,
which he had previously founded himself; besides, he erroneously
brought again among the Trypetidce the genus Camptoneura, which
Macquart had formed on Trypeta picta Wied., and correctly placed
among the Ortalidce.

The most recent attempt at a detailed classification of the Eu-
ropean species of the old genus Trypeta is that given by Rondani
in his "Prodromus Dipterologice italicce." He retains though in
a much altered sense the genera of R. Desvoidy : Oxyna, Uro-
phora, Rivellia, Tephritis, Acinia, Aciura, Terellia, and Orellia,
and adopting the genus Ceratitis M. Leay and Myopites Breb., he
creates the following new genera: Goniglossum, Carpomyia, Gera-
jocera, Chetostoma, Epidesmia, Myoleja, SpathuKna, Dithryca, and
Oplocheta. But these genera are less fit for reuniting what is
really allied, than for isolating out of their nearest relationship
such species as are distinguished by any specific peculiarity and for
crowding them inordinately together. The dichotomic division of
genera from single characters without any indication of the true
generic distinctions, renders it impossible to refer to them the
other species described by authors, and it is not at all sufficient
for this purpose to name a typical species, especially as some of
these typical species have not yet been described, and the correct-
ness of the names of the others is not proved. Moreover, the
characters ascribed by Rondani to the single genera are not all
quite certain, and some of them, for instance the scutellum of
Myoleja, which is said to have two bristles, the scutellum of Cera-
titis six bristles, appear to be errors of the observer.

If we add to what we have said already that the genera Xar-
nuta, Themara, Calantra, and Aragara, erected by Walker in the
"Proceedings of the Linnajan Society," with some probability
belong here, and that perhaps the genus Dasyneura Saund., and
Rachiptera and Elaphromyia Bigot are Trypetidce, both the va-
riety of the forms belonging to the genus Trypeta Meig. and a
picture of the chaotic state into which their arrangement has been
thrown will be sufficiently illustrated.

The genus Dacus, restricted by Meigen to the Dacus Olece
Fabr. (the renowned blight of the olive) and used by Wiedemann
in a wider sense, is nearest related to the genus Trypeta Meig. ;
Fabricius, who formed this genus, comprises so different species
in it that we may scarcely consider it as a creation of his. How-

DIVISION OF THE FAMILY INTO TRYPETINA AND DACINA. 51

ever striking the difference may be between the greatest part of
the species of Trypeta and the larger naked species of Dacus, yet
some of the latter approach very much to the larger species of
the polymorphous genus Trypeta, and show the near relation of
both genera. Wiedemann, misled by some Trypetce, had become
uncertain about the limits between the genera Dacus and Trypeta,
or he would not have placed the large Brazilian Trypeta parallela
among Dacus. One of the surest marks for separating both gen-
era is furnished by the structure of the female abdomen, which in
Trypeta shows five, in Dacus four segments before the borer, the
fifth being very short and concealed under the fourth. None of
the other characters, however marked they may appear, is so con-
stant as this. Macquart has already justly observed that the
whole of the first group of Dacus Wied. is not only a stranger to
this genus, but cannot even remain in the same family with it;
therefore giving it the generic name of Senopterina (which must be
mended into Stenopterina}, he assigned it its right place in the
Ortalidce, as will be detailed in the sequel. Among the new gen-
era introduced by Macquart, Leptoxys and Enicocera, perhaps also
Cardiacera, may be very nearly related to the genus Dacus, which
cannot be, however, asserted positively, on account of the insuffi-
ciency of Macquart's statements and the incorrectness of his figures.
The genus Bactrocera, founded by Guerin, seems also to belong
here. The same, perhaps, may be said of the genera Rioxa and
Strumeia, formed by Walker in the "Proceedings of the Linnean
Society," while the genus Dasyneura of Saunders, which Walker
in the "List of the Diptera of the British Museum" places near
Dacus, seems to stand much nearer to Trypeta.

The species of the genus Trypeta and those smaller genera which
either have been comprised in Trypeta or founded in its neigh-
borhood, together with the species really belonging to Dacus and
the smaller genera subordinate to or co-ordinate with it in a simi-
lar way, form the family Trypetida, one of the group of closely
related families of the Acalyptera which are characterized by their
corneous ovipositor.

2. Division of the family into TRYPETINA and DACINA.

A division in two groups may be established as above indi-
cated. The two groups would be : Trypetina, with five distinct
segments of the female abdomen, and Dacina, with apparently four

52 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

segments. The latter, moreover, have some peculiarities in the
structure and neuration of their wings, which, however, allow of
no very sharp limitation. Most frequently a dilatation of the
second basal cell and of the space between the third and fourth
longitudinal veins (in consequence of which the second longitudinal
vein is pushed towards the costal margin) and the posterior angle
of the anal cell extended in a long point, are the most striking
peculiarities in the structure of the wings. But a sharp limitation
of the two groups is perhaps not to be urged too much, as transi-
tions from the one to the other are certainly not wanting, and
another division quite as useful seems to be possible. In the mean
time the groups Trypetina and Dacina, as we have defined them,
are characterized as well as our purpose requires. We have now
to fix the relation of the family Trypetidce to the nearest families,
particularly to that of Ortalidce, since almost all authors have mixed
the species of these two families. For this purpose we want only
to find out the natural character of the family, which cannot be
obtained but from a close examination of the greatest possible
number of species and from a careful appreciation of the system-
atic value to be assigned to the observed peculiarities and differ-
ences.

3. Natural character.

After examining nearly 300 species from different parts of the
world, I believe I may speak as follows about the organization of
the Trypetidce.

The bare eyes, in both sexes, are separated by the front, which
is of equal breadth or only a little narrowed anteriorly. The mid-
dle of the front is not sharply separated from the lateral lists, but
has often a different color. The front is even, usually with an
almost microscopic, rarely with a longer pubescence, sometimes it
is totally bare. On its vertical border it always bears two very
strong bristles, rather distant from each other. Two short callo-
sities, usually little perceptible, run from them, converging but
faintly anteriorly, and bearing one or two bristles directed upwards.
On the vertical border itself there are two bristles, each near the
upper angle of the eye, and in the middle behind the ocelli there
is another pair of bristles, sometimes very stunted. This is also
the case with a pair of bristles directed anteriorly, and inserted be-
tween the ocelli. More anteriorly on the front there are, at each side

NATURAL CHARACTEE. 53

of the orbit, two or three stouter bristles, but generally less stout
in the Dacina than in the Trypetina, whereas in the males of some
Trypetina they are thickened into spines, or even inserted upon
lateral processes. The little crescent cut off by the frontal fissure
is often very distinct, though never very large. The antenna? are
directed downwards, the third joint elongated or long ; the bristle
nearly bare, or with a very short pubescence ; only in a few spe-
cies it has longer hairs, but is never pectinated. The face shows
below each antenna a flat excavation, more deepened in those few
species which have a keel in the middle of the face ; the anterior
border of these excavations forms a more or less distinct eleva-
tion, and sometimes almost a keel. The cheeks are more or less
hairy; in a few Trypetina the furthermost hairs almost have the
appearance of vibrissas, which, however, are never present. All
more naked species have also less hairy cheeks. The proboscis
is never much thickened ; the suctorial flaps are sometimes very
short and rather broad, sometimes rather long, sometimes of an
extraordinary length, as for instance in the species of Myopites
Breb., where they seem to become much stouter, which was the
reason why a species of Myopites was placed by Fabricius in Sto-
moxys. The prolongation of the suctorial flaps is proportionate
to that of the stem ; not unfrequently in most nearly related species
the structure of the proboscis seems to be very different ; but on a
closer examination this difference appears not to be essential, and
cannot even always be used in characterizing the small genera into
which the genus Trypeta Meig. has been divided. Among the
Dacina I have never seen a species with a very prolonged pro-
boscis. The oral cavity is large, sometimes very large and widened,
and not seldom a little prolonged at its anterior border ; its form
depends very much on that of the proboscis ; for in those species
which have a very long proboscis, the anterior border of the
mouth is usually also much more projecting. The palpi are either
more applied to or more laid upon the labium, when it is retracted
into the mouth-hole ; their form is more or less spatulate, and
generally more elongated in those species which have a long pro-
boscis than in those with a short one. The clypeus owing its
origin to a duplication of the skin which connects the stem of the
labium with the border of the mouth is narrow, and being con-
cealed within the mouth-hole can only be seen anteriorly in those

54 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

species in which the anterior part of the peristoma is more drawn
upwards.

There is no striking peculiarity in the structure of the thorax.
The transverse suture, in agreement with nearly all the Acalyptera,
is distinct in the neighborhood of the lateral border, and totally
obsolete in the middle of the thorax. The bristles of the thorax
not only offer good specific characters, but sometimes also prove
very fit for the separation of genera. In that respect the bristles
of the middle of the upper side of the thorax deserve attention ; in
those species in which their number is the most complete there are
three pairs, one before the suture, the second behind the suture,
the third a little before the scutellum. More frequently only the
second and third pair of these bristles are present, sometimes only
the third ; in almost all African species of Dacus they are all
wanting. Besides these bristles of the middle of the thorax there
are two rows of bristles on each side; the exterior row consists of
four bristles, the first of which stands on the humeral callosity, arid
is often wanting in the Dacina; the second has its place before
the transverse suture ; the third, which is often much weaker than
the others, in the lateral dilatation of the transverse suture ; the
fourth above and a little behind the base of the wing. The inte-
rior row consists of three bristles only, corresponding to the three
last bristles of the exterior row, but is placed a little more back-
wards than these. The scutellum, which is more or less convex,
generally bears four stout bristles, but in many Dacina and some
Trypetina only two; there is sometimes on each side a weaker
bristle between the stout ones.

The abdomen of the male shows only four distinct segments, the
last of which is more or less elongated. The abdomen of the female
has five segments before the borer, and the last of them in the
Trypetina is always distinct, whereas in the Dacina it is very
small, and so concealed under the fourth segment that the abdomen
of the female seems to consist only of four segments. That seg-
ment which is usually numbered the first, and will also be numbered
so in the following descriptions, seems to be composed of two
segments soldered together. In many Dacina we also see the next
segments more or less completely coalescent on their upper side.
The borer of the female is always of a corneous substance ; it is
formed of three segments, which are retractile like the drawers of
a telescope, and often very long; the last ends in a simple more or

NATURAL CHARACTER. 55

less sharp point ; the first segment is either more conical, or more
cylindrical, and then usually thick at its base, or it is quite flat;
in most species it is hairy, in others it is beset with hairs at the tip
only; in others again is quite bare ; its length varies exceedingly
in the various species ; the second and the third segments of the
borer are always bare. To the length of the borer of the female
corresponds that of the thread-like penis of the male. The hairs
of the body are sometimes fine and short, sometimes coarse and
long ; in the latter case the posterior margin of the abdominal
segments is generally beset with bristles, which in the species
having fine and short hairs, are either totally wanting or are pre-
sent only at the posterior borders of some segments, most frequently
on that of the last.

The legs are always of moderate length, and of a rather robust
structure ; they are beset everywhere with short hairs, which be-
come longer on the upper side of the posterior tibia? of some species.
There are usually some longer bristles on the under side of the
anterior femora, and frequently also on their upper side ; similar
bristles exist on the posterior femora of several species, and some-
times even on the middle femora. The tips of the middle tibiae
are always spurred ; otherwise, the tibite have no bristles. It is
very characteristic for all the Trypetidce that the erect bristles
are totally wanting, which some allied families, for instance the
Sapromyzidce, possess on the outside of the tibia?, not far from the
tip. The first joint of the tarsi is always prolonged. The claws
and pulvilly are small, and of equal form in both sexes.

The neuration of the wings is that of Acalyptera in its highest
perfection, and shows many characters peculiar to this family.
The auxiliary vein is separated from the first longitudinal vein,
though often approximated to it, especially in some Dacina; it
never runs in the usual way, that is, at an acute angle and with
equal distinctness as far as its end or even incrassatiug towards the
border of the wing, but turns suddenly towards it, and, at the
same time, becomes much more indistinct, the more so as the
space between its end and that of the first longitudinal vein is
incrassated. At the place where it runs into the border of the
wing, the latter bears a small marginal spine, quite indistinct in
many species, and which cannot, therefore, be considered as one of
the characters of the Trypetidce. Generally the whole length of
the first longitudinal vein is beset with bristles ; this is also most

56 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

frequently the case with the base, or a greater part, or even the
whole length of the third longitudinal vein ; much more seldom
there are bristles on the fifth longitudinal vein. The two small
basal cells are proportionately large; the posterior of them, i. <?.,
the anal cell in most, but not all species, has its posterior angle
drawn out into a point. The thickening of the costal vein always
reaches to the fourth longitudinal vein. The surface of the wing
has in all species a microscopic pubescence.

From the above enumerated structural peculiarities we may de-
rive the following characters for the family of Trypetidce:

1. The borer of the female is corneous, three-jointed, and ends in

a simple point; the penis of the male answers the borer in
length, and is thread-like and not divided at its end.

2. The front is broad in both sexes, and there are stout bristles on

the anterior part of its lateral border, not belonging to the
row which descends from the vertex, but forming a separate
row which is placed nearer to the lateral border of the front.

3. There are spurs at the end of the middle tibia3, and no bristles

whatever on all tibiae, except, in a few species, bristle-like
hairs on the upper side of the posterior tibiae.

4. The neuration is the completest among the Acalyptera ; the

auxiliary vein takes a steep turn towards the border of the
wing, and becomes indistinct towards its end.

4. On the relations of this family.

The family most nearly related to the Trypetidce is that of the
Ortalidce. The two principal characters, by which the former are
distinguished from the latter, are the stout bristles existing on the
anterior part of the lateral border of the front, and the steep direc-
tion in which the tapering end of the auxiliary vein runs to the
border of the wing. Both these characters are very constant ;
should it happen that one of them is less sharply expressed, the
other will be the more striking, and so an absolute certainty is
afforded about the limits of these two families, the species of which
have hitherto been so much mixed together.

The Pallopteridce and Lonchceidce are not quite so nearly related
to the Trypetidce as the Ortalidce. They also want the bristles
on the anterior part of the lateral border of the front, and the
end of the auxiliary vein never shows the peculiarity which cha-

ON THE N. A. SPECIES HITHERTO RECORDED. 57

racterizes the Trypetidce. Moreover, their basal cells are smaller,
and the first longitudinal vein never has any bristles, but only a
short pubescence like that of the remainder of the surface of the
wing.

The Lauxanidce and Sapromyzidce have still less relation to the
Trypetidce. They are readily distinguished from the Trypetidce by
their middle and hind tibiae being spurred with bristles before their
tip, and the outside of the tibias bearing an 3rect bristle before the
tip ; the lirst longitudinal vein of the wings has no bristles, and
the end of the auxiliary vein never has the character peculiar to
that of the Trypetidce; the two posterior basal cells are small ; the
bristles on the anterior part of the lateral border of the front are
wanting ; in this respect we must not be deceived by the rows of
bristles, which run from the two bristles of the vertical border,
and which, being more scattered, extend farther anteriorly ; there
always exists only a single row of bristles, whereas the frontal bris-
tles in the Trypetidce always form two rows on each side, one of
which may be called the superior and interior, the other the inferior
and exterior.

With the exception of the families mentioned above there is no
other so nearly allied to the Trypetidce, that it would be necessary
to point out its differences.

5. On the N~. A. species hitherto recorded.

What has been written about the N. A. Trypetidce is very little in
amount. No species at all of the section Dacina has been described.
I have, however, seen the fragments of a fly captured in Cuba,
which belongs either to Dacus or to one of the nearest genera of
the Ortalidce; but as it is one of those osculating forms between
the two allied families, nothing can be said with certainty about its
systematic place before having seen a better preserved specimen.

The N. A. Trypetce hitherto recorded are as follows:

1. acidusa Walk., unknown to me, is either a relation of Tryp. suspensa

and unicolor, the descriptions of which will be given hereafter, or
belongs to those species similar to them which have the fifth longi-
tudinal vein also beset with bristles.

2. albiscutellata Harr. must be omitted, since it is undescribed.

3. antillarum Macq. belongs to the Ortalidas, being erroneously placed

by Macquart in Urophora, a genus of the Tiypetina.

4. arcuata Walk, differs in nothing from Tryp. flexa Wied. and belongs

to the Ortalidas.

58 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

5. armata R. Desv., published by the author as Strauzia armata, is Tryp.

longipennis Wied. $, .

6. asteris Harr.; the description being unfortunately inaccessible to

me, I can say nothing about it. The name is preoccupied by Mr.
Haliday.

7. avala Walk., quite unknown to me ; Mr. Walker's statements are not

sufficient to decide whether it belongs to the Ortalidas or not.

8. beauvoisii R. Desv. ; the description is too bad to allow its true

position to be determined ; but it is certainly not among the species
known to me.

9. caliptera Say is Tryp. sparsa Wied. ; the older name deserves the

preference, the more so as that of Say is not correct.

10. cinctipes Harr. is an undescribed species, and must be therefore

omitted.

11. comma Wied. a good species and readily recognizable ; not possessing

it, I cannot give a more detailed description ; but having seen it in
some collections, I subjoin a fugitive sketch of the reticulation of
the wing (Tab. II, fig. 28), trusting that by this figure and Wiede-
mann's description the species will be recognized. It is not quite
certain whether Macquart's Acinia comma is the same, since he says
that the posterior border of the wings has a large clear spot, which
was not the case with the individuals of the genuine Tryp. comma
Wied. which I have seen. The clear drops near the end of the
sixth longitudinal vein being very much crowded, their eventual
coalescing into a larger clear spot does not seem impossible.

12. cornigera Walk, is identical with Tryp. longipennis Wied.

13. cornifera Walk, is a slight variety of Tryp. longipennis Wied., in

which the bands of the posterior border of the wings are obsolete,
which is not seldom the case.

14. culta Wied. (not cutta, a misprint corrected by Wiedemann himself).

It is a relation of the European Tryp. reticulata Schrauk, and Wiede-
mann's description is sufficient for recognizing this species. On
Tab. II, fig. 29, I subjoin a sketch of the reticulation of the wings,
which I made several years ago ; though the circumference of the
wing may not be quite correct, yet the species will, I hope, be recog-
nized from it.

15. dinia Walk, seems to be a Trypeta related to the European Tryp.

rotundiventris Fall., tibialis R. Desv., etc. It may stand nearest to
Tryp. insecta, the description of which follows hereafter.

16. electa Say will be exactly described in the sequel.

17. fimbriata Macq. is Tryp. culta Wied.

18. flavonotata Macq. is Tryp. electa Say.

19. flexa Wied. is by no means a Trypeta, but an Ortalis not rare in

collections.

20. fucata Fabr. seems to be a true Trypeta, but will be rather hard to

recognize, unless an original specimen can be compared.

ON THE N. A. SPECIES HITHERTO RECORDED. 59

21. fulvifrons Macq. I hardly conceive how Macquart could locate among

Urophora a species which is an Ortalis, and nothing else but Ortalis
aenea Wied.

22. inermis R. Desv., published by the author as Strauzia inermis, is

Tryp. longipennis Wied. >

23. interrupta Macq. seems to be an Ortalis related to Herina rufitarsis

Macq., if it is not a mere variety of this species, so variable in the
color of its body ; moreover, it is so vaguely described that it is not
possible to say anything with certainty about it.

24. latipennis Macq., described by Macquart under the name of Platy-

stoma latipennis; it is, however, certainly a Trypeta, and I hope
not to be mistaken in identifying it with Tryp. sparsa Wied. ; the
representation of the head is certainly nothing but the invention of
the draughtsman, or a foreign head had been glued to the speci-
men.

25. lichtensteinii Wied. I have seen this beautiful species about six-

teen years ago, and made a sketch of the picture of the wing, which
I give in Tab. II, fig. 25. The bristle of the antenna is thickened
at its base in a rather striking manner.

26. longipennis Wied. will be more accurately described in the sequel.

The name of it is ascertained from the inspection of the originals.
It is surprising that Wiedemann does not mention the thickening
of the frontal bristles of the male, though the males in his collection
show it. Perhaps he had specimens enough to satisfy himself that
this peculiarity is not constant.

27. marginepunctata Macq. is unknown to me.

28. melliginis Fitch belongs to the Ortalidse, and is Herina rufitarsis

Macq.

29. mevarna Walk., a Trypeta which has the apex of the wings only

reticulated, and is allied probably to the European Tryp. stellata
Fiissl. Among the below described species Trypeta Solaris may
have the greatest resemblance to it.

30. mexicana Wied. seems to be a Trypeta; the original perhaps exists

in the Berlin Museum. It is none of the species known to me.

31. narytia Walk. I believe it also to be a Trypeta; it is likewise not

among my species.

32. novaeboracensis Fitch is the same species as Tryp. sparsa Wied.

and caliptera Say.

33. nigriventris Macq. probably a Trypeta of the group of Tryp. rotundi-

ventris Fall.

34. obliqua Macq., a Trypeta, which seems to be nearly allied to Tryp.

suspensa from Cuba and Tryp. unicolor from New Granada, but differs
from both by its small transverse vein having an inclined position,
and the first hyaline band running uninterruptedly from the border
of the wing to the anterior of the two small basal cells, whereas in
those species it is interrupted not far from the costal border.

60 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

35. obliqua Say seems to be related to the European Tryp. Arctii Deg.

and the below described Tryp. palposa from North Wisconsin ; the
latter has on its abdomen four rows of black spots, whereas Tryp.
obliqua Say has only two.

36. ocresia Walk, apparently related to Tryp. unicolor from New Granada,

but it cannot be identified with this or any other species known to
me. The description given by Walker is very vague.

37. picta Fabr. a Camptoneura and consequently an Ortalideous species.

38. quadrifasciata Macq. I believe it to be a Trypeta which I do not

possess.

39. quadrifasciata Walk, belongs to the Ortalidx and is Herina rufitarsis

Macq.

40. quadrivittata Macq. belongs to the Ortalidx.

41. scutellaris Wied. I have seen the typical individuals of this beau-

tiful species in the Berlin Museum sixteen years ago. If I recollect
right, there were bright bands of a more black than brown color on
the two last segments only of the abdomen in the male, but on all
segments in the female. I was surprised to see in the female the
markings of the wings (Tab. II, fig. 27) more extended than in the
male (Tab. II, fig. 26).

42. scutellata Wied. a Trypeta quite unknown to me.

43. septenaria Harr. must be omitted as being undescribed.

44. solidaginis Fitch has been amply described in the sequel.

45. sparsa Wied. I give a detailed description of it.

46. tabellaria Fitch, not among the Trypetx known to me, nor does it

seem to belong to them, but is probably an Ortalida.

47. tribulis Ilarr. not described and therefore to be omitted.

48. trimaculata Macq. is the same variety of Tryp. longipennis Wied.

which Walker has described under the name of Tryp. cornifera.

49. trifasciata Harr. must be omitted as being undescribed.

50. villosa R. Desv. may be a Trypeta, but is so badly described that

there is scarcely a possibility to recognize it.

The result of the remarks given about the enumerated 50 species
will consequently be as follows :

1. Five species must be omitted, because they have never been

described: albiscutellata Harr., cinctipes Ilarr., septenaria
Harr, tribulis Harr., and trifasciata Harr.

2. Fourteen species must be blotted out as identical with species

previously described: arcuata Walk., armata R. Desv.,
caliptera Say, cornigera Walk., cornifera Walk., fimbriata
Macq., flavonotata Macq., inermis R. Desv., latipennis
Macq., marginepunctata Macq., melliginis Fitch, novcebora-
censis Fitch, quadrifasciata Walk., and trimaculata Macq.

ON THE SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE SPECIES. 61

3. Of the remaining thirty-one species seven, the five first with all

certainty, the two last with great probability, must be placed
among the Ortulidfe. These are : antillarum Macq., flexa
Wied., fulvifrons Macq., picta Fabr., quadrivittata Macq.,
interrupta Macq., tdbellaria Fitch".

4. Consequently twenty-four N. A. Trypetce have been described,

namely: acidusa Walk., asteris Harr., avala Walk., beau-
voisii R. Desv., comma Wied., culta Wied., dinia Walk.,
electa Say, fucata Fabr., lichtensteinii Wied., longipennis
Wied., mevarna Walk., mexicana Wied., Narytia Walk.,
nigriventris , Macq. , obliqua Macq., obliqua Say, ocresia
Walk., quadrifasciata Macq., scutellaris Wied., scutellata
W r ied., solidaginis Fitch, sparsa Wied., and villosa R. Desr.

5. Of these twenty-four species I possess four only [now five.

0. S.], which I shall fully describe hereafter; they are: electa
Say, longipennis Wied., solidaginis Fitch, sparsa Wied. [and
obliqua Say. 0. S.]. Moreover I have seen in other col-
lections four species ; they are : comma Wied., culta Wied.,
lichtensteinii Wied., and scutellaris Wied. As an addition
to my paper I subjoin the descriptions which Wiedemann
has given of them, and accompany them with drawings of
the wings, which, however, on account of their being only
fugitive sketches, have not the same claim to correctness as
the figures of the wings of the other species.

6. On the systematic arrangement of the species to be described.

Besides the above mentioned four species I have to describe
nineteen new ones, which I leave all united in the genus Trypeta.
Though they differ in their organization, I think my course is both
reasonable and proper. It has been already sufficiently shown,
how very uncertain the limits of the family Trypetidce are. For
the immediate purpose, it will be quite sufficient if insects of other
families are no longer mixed with these. The number of accurately
known species must increase considerably, before a convenient
classification can be thought of.

The smaller genera hitherto founded on the various forms of the
Trypetina are partly formed on European species, partly estab-
lished in a very superficial manner on single species of other parts

62 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

of the globe. Among the former there are some, which are avail-
able or may be rendered available by removing the aberrant species
from them ; the remaining genera either have no claim to the names
of genera, or are understood by different authors in so different a
sense as to render their adoption more perplexing than useful.
But a few of the available genera are represented in North Ame-
rica. The genera created for single species have usually been
established on account of a single striking character, no informa-
tion being given about the other characters ; so it will be next to
impossible to place new species in such genera without incurring
the risk of gross mistakes.

Such being the case, I will be justified, I think, in comprising
all species under the head of Trypeta, in the sense of Meigen and
Wiedeinaun. I should be glad indeed if by the communication of
numerous species I was enabled to divide the N". A. Trypetina
into smaller genera. To obtain numerous species is only possible
by breeding them, which is a very easy task ; for the larvae are
easily discovered ; they live in stalk-galls, or in berries and berry-
like fruits ; but most frequently in the flower-heads of Composites,
among which they prefer the Cynarocephalce to all others.

To prevent any misunderstanding I finally have to observe, that
in the following descriptions, by the length of the borer I always
meant the length of its first joint only, which is also comprised in
the indication of the length of the females. The length of the
whole borer depends so much on the more or less extension of its
three segments, that no certain measure of it can be given.

Synopsis of the species described in the sequel.*

, ( Wings pictured (reticulate or banded).
I Wings not pictured, hyaline. 26

( Wings banded. 3

~ i
(. Wings reticulate. 15

( Third longitudinal vein with bristles. 4

( Third longitudinal vein without bristles. 10

, ( Abdomen black. 1 discolor, n. sp.

1 Abdomen yellow. 5

* If a species is not found among those enumerated in this synopsis,
before pronouncing it to be new the Appendices I and II should be con-
sulted. This table contains only species described from specimens, and
not merely quoted from other works. 0. S.

SYNOPSIS OP THE SPECIES DESCRIBED IN THE SEQUEL. 63

, J Face very receding. 2 longipennis Wied.

i

I Face not receding. 6

/> ( Back of the thorax not striped. 7

( Back of the thorax striped. It

- ( Abdomen with black dots. obliqua Say.*

I Abdomen without black dots. 8

( The band rising over the posterior transverse vein is connected with
the preceding on the posterior border. 3 fratria, n. sp.

1 The baud rising over the posterior transverse vein is not connected
L with the preceding. 4 suspensa, n. sp.

(The two middle bands of the wing diverge towards the posterior
border. 5 unicolor, n. sp.

1 The two middle bauds of the wing are converging towards the poste-
rior border. 6 electa Say.
Thorax and abdomen differing in color. 7 iusecta, n. sp.
Thorax and abdomen of the same color. 11
f Color of the body yellow. 12
\ Color of the body black. 14
, f Abdomen with black dots. 8 palposa, n. sp.
I Abdomen without black dots. 13
, f Basal third of the wing hyaline. vernoniae, n. sp.f
( Basal third of the wing pictured. 9 suavis, n. sp.
,. ( Scutellum yellow. 10 cingulata, n. sp.
I Scutellum black. 11 polita, n. sp.
, - f Wings much widened. t 16
I Wings not widened. 17

ITip of the wings with an uninterrupted white seam. 12 sparsa Wied.
Tip of the wings with an interrupted white seam.
13 rotundipennis, n. sp.
, M ( Proboscis geniculated. 18

I Proboscis not geniculated. 19

, f Stigma with a limpid drop. 14 clathrata, n. sp.

( Stigma without limpid drop. 15 humilis, n. sp.

, f Reticulation of the wing not radiating at its tip. 20

I Reticulation of the wing radiating at its tip. 21

2 ( Front exceedingly broad. 16 solidaginis Fitch.

( Front of moderate breadth. 17 seriata, n. sp.

01 ( Wings reticulate only on the apical half. 18 Solaris, n. sp.

( Wings reticulate on their whole surface. 22

22 f The whole reticulation equally broken. 19 sequalis, n. sp.

I The reticulation broken much less in the middle. 23

no ( Abdomen yellow. 24

( Abdomen black. 25

* See Appendix III. f Ibid.

64 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

9 < f Reticulation paler in the middle. 20 festiva, n. sp.

I Reticulation everywhere of the same color. 21 bella, n. sp.

f The curvature inside of the first posterior cell considerable.
! 22 latifrons, n. sp.

j The curvature inside of the first posterior cell very small.

23 melanogastra, n. sp.
26 j Stigma fuscous. albidipennis, n. sp.*

1 Stigma pale. alba, n. sp.f

7. Description of the species.

1. T. discolor LOEW. . (Tab. II, fig. 1.) Lutea, abdomine nigro,
alarum fasciis quatuor obliquis fuscanis, prima et secunda antice, tertia
et quarta postice connexis, vena longitudinal! tertia setosa, venulis
transversis valde approximatis.

Luteous yellow with the abdomen black ; wings with four very oblique
brownish bands, the two first being anteriorly, two last posteriorly
connected ; third longitudinal vein with bristles and the two transverse
veins approximate. Long. corp. 0.13. Long. al. 0.15.

Yellow with a rather glossy black abdomen, which color becomes
more blackish-brown near the base. Front proportionately rather
narrow ; three bristles at each side are of a browner color and
directed anteriorly. Antennae yellowish, not reaching as far as
the border of the mouth ; bristle of the antennae thin, apparently
naked. Face descending rather straight downwards, but little
excavated. Opening of the mouth proportionately large. Pro-
boscis short, palpi somewhat prominent. Upper side of the tho-
rax with short yellow hairs and yellowish-brown bristles; it has
no pale stripes, but there is an obsolete, paler, longitudinal stripe
between it and the pleurae. Pleurae of the color of the upper
side of the thorax, with yellowish bristles ; the neighborhood of
the coxss is blackish. Scutellum with four bristles. Abdomen
with short black hairs. Legs yellow, anterior femora with ochra-
ceous bristles on the under side. Wings glassy with four very
oblique brown bands, which are partly tinged with brownish-
yellow on the inside. The first band begins at the base of the
wing, where it is connected with the second, runs over the anal
cell as far as the base of the third posterior cell, and, including the
fourth longitudinal vein, projects a little, whereupon leaving the
latter, it bends towards the posterior border of the wing, which it

* See Appendix III. t Ibid.

TRYPETIDAE. 65

reaches in the middle between the tips of the fourth and fifth lon-
gitudinal veins; its color is yellowish-brown near the base of the
wings and dark brown beyond the basal cell. The second band
runs first from the base of the wing to near the tip of the first
longitudinal vein, then crosses the wing obliquely, on the border
of which it includes the tip of the fifth longitudinal vein; the two
transverse veins are included by it in such a way that their anterior
ends are placed exactly on the outside border of the band ; the
color of this band is brownish-yellow with darker brown edges
which gradually overcome the lighter color at the posterior end ;
also that portion of it which covers the stigma and the space imme-
diately beneath it, is dark brown. The third band begins on the
costal border immediately behind the stigma and reaches the pos-.
terior border immediately behind the tip of the fourth longitudinal
vein; it is brownish-yellow, edged with dark brown, the posterior
end being likewise dark brown. The fourth band begins a little
before the tip of the second longitudinal vein and runs on the bor-
der of the wing as far as the] fourth longitudinal vein, where it is
connected with the third band; its color is dark brown, being
brownish-yellow only at its anterior end. The two transverse veins
are very near each other and very steep ; none of the longitudinal
veins is extraordinarily arcuated ; the second, third, and fourth
longitudinal veins diverge a little at their tips; the bristles of the
third longitudinal vein are very distinct and reach as far as its tip.
Hah. Cuba. (Riehl.)

2. T. loiigipeimis WIED. & . (Tab. II, fig. 2 , 3 .) Flava,
angusta, rivulis fasciisque alarum augustarum flavo-fuscanis, facie valde
recedente.

Yellow, slender; the narrow wings with brownish-yellow rivulets and
bands; the face much receding. Long. corp. 0.17 0.26. Long. al.
O.i:20.30.

SYN. Trypeta longipennis WIEDEMANN, Auss. Zweifl. II, 483, 12.
Strauzia armata R. DESVOIDY, Myod. 719, 2. ( .)
Slrauzia inermis R. DESVOIDY, Myod. 718, 1. ( .)

Tf'phritis trimaculata MACQUART, Dipt. exot. II, 226, 8. Tab. XXXI, fig. 3.
Trypeta cornigera WALKER, List. Brit. Mus. IV, 1010.
Trypeta cornifera WALKER, List. Brit. Mus. IV, 1011.

Very variable both in size and in the color of its body and wings,
yet readily recognizable. In the palest individuals the whole body
is yellow, only a very small dot immediately above the base of the
5

66 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

wings and the tip of the borer being black. In darker individuals,
the following markings appear successively: 1. A black double
spot in the middle of the anterior border of the thorax ; 2. A
black spot on each side of the scutellum ; 3. A broad black stripe
on each side of the metanotum ; 4. The black posterior portion of
the lateral stripes ; 5. The black anterior portion of the lateral
stripes ; 6. The double stripe in the middle of the thorax, abruptly
ending in its centre. The head is rather bright yellow ; front very
prominent, face much receding ; opening of the mouth not widen-
ed ; palpi and proboscis short, yellow, the bristle with a very short
pubescence. Frontal bristles black, the superior ones considerably
stout, two of them on each side in the male assume the shape of
straight spines, a little incrassated at their tips ; in smaller males,
however, these spines are not seldom only little stouter than in the
females, and of the ordinary form. The lateral border of the thorax
and the superior border of the pleurae may have a pale yellow
color in life ; in dry specimens they are very whitish. From the
pale yellow scutellum a broad pale yellow stripe extends to about
the middle of the thorax. Hairs and bristles of the thorax black.
Scutellum with four black bristles. Abdomen proportionately
very narrow, with rather long black hairs. Borer about half as
long as the abdomen, with the tip only blackened. Legs yellow,
anterior femora with black bristles on the under side. Wings
narrow and very long, more elongated and pointed in the males
than in the females, but not always in the same degree ; the brown-
ish-yellow stripes and bands leave the following clear spots : 1. A
space near the costal border between the transverse humeral vein
and the tip of the auxiliary vein, and having usually a brownish
spot in its middle ; 2. An oval space immediately below the
stigma between the third and fourth longitudinal veins ; 3. A tri-
angular space immediately beyond the tip of the first longitudinal
vein, and reaching from the costal border as far as the third longi-
tudinal vein ; 4. An arcuated band running obliquely from the
costal border between the two transverse veins as far as the fifth
longitudinal vein ; 5. A triangular space on the posterior border
filling up the second posterior cell, with the exception of an edge
along the veins ; 6. An arcuate oblique sernifascia beginning on
the posterior border before the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein,
and running as far as the third longitudinal vein ; 7. The alary
appendage, the posterior angle of the wing, and a large space

TRYPETIDAE. 67

adjoining it, and lying before the last longitudinal vein. The
transverse humeral vein, and the space of the costa near it, are
usually black as well as the space of the latter, where the costal
spine is inserted. The brownish-yellow bands of the wings have
narrow brown edges, and are in a greater or less extent brown
near the tip and the posterior border of the wings. There are
specimens in which the bands are much more extended, but those
having a part of them obsolete are more common ; this fading of
the picture of the wings is most frequent in the neighborhood of
the posterior border. The posterior transverse vein is a little
oblique ; the tips of the third and fourth longitudinal veins are
curved. The circumference of the wings is not always the same in
the males ; those the frontal bristles of which are most thickened
appear to have the most prolonged and pointed wings.

Hal. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. I have had an opportunity of examining the
typical individuals of Tryp. longipennis Wied.

3. T. fratria LOEW. 9. (Tab. II, fig. 4.) Tota lutea, thorace non
vittato, alarum rivulis fasciisque luteo-fuscanis, maculam ovatam pellu-
cidam in posteriore cellulse discoidalis parte iucludentibus, vena longi-
tudinal! tertia setosa.

Totally luteous yellow ; the thorax without stripes ; the wings with brown-
ish-yellow rivulets and bands, including an ovate pellucid spot in the
posterior part of the discal cell ; the third longitudinal vein with bris-
tles. Long. corp. 0.22. Long. al. 0.22.

Rather dark yellow with the scutellum paler and an almost
whitish-yellow, not sharply limited stripe, running from the shoulder
to the base of the wing ; the metanotum at each side with a dot-
like black spot. Front of moderate breadth. Antenna? yellow,
little longer than half the face, with the bristle apparently bare.
Face receding only a little, and slightly excavated below the an-
tennce. Proboscis short ; palpi slightly projecting. Bristles of
the thorax black. Hairs of the abdomen short and black. Borer
very short, not flattened, concolorous with the abdomen. Legs
yellow, tibia? and tarsi paler than the femora; anterior femora with
some black bristles on the underside. The picture of the wings is
yellowish-brown, and of the same form as that of the European
Tryp. Heraclei Linn. The part of it adjacent to the base of the
wings reaches from the costal border as far as the dark brownish

68 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

stigma, having, however, between the transverse humeral vein and
the tip of the auxiliary vein a rather large and almost hyaline
space ; it includes between the third and fourth longitudinal veins
an oval transparent spot near the base of the discal cell ; it covers
the whole of the two posterior basal cells and fills up the two first
thirds of the discal cell, running then in a darker color behind
the fifth longitudinal vein as far as the tip of this vein, from whence
forming a band, it rises above the posterior transverse vein and is
connected with the remaining picture in the neighborhood of the
small transverse vein. From the latter place a band runs obliquely
to the costal border, where it seams the tip of the wing and pro-
ceeds as far as the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein ; on the
third longitudinal vein it emits a parallel branch running to the
posterior border. The last portion of the third longitudinal vein
is only slightly curved ; the posterior transverse vein is slightly
oblique ; the small transverse vein is perpendicular and more than
one and a half of its length from the posterior transverse vein.

Hal>. United States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation 1. Tryp. fratria resembles exceedingly the yellow
variety of Tryp. Heraclei Linn., and agrees with it especially in the
picture of the wings ; but it differs from it by its shorter and pro-
portionately broader wings, by the greater distance between the
two transverse veins, and the curve of the last portion of the third
longitudinal vein, which is less considerable. I found also the
borer of the palest females of Tryp. Heraclei always black, whereas
its color in Tryp. fratria. agrees with that of the abdomen.

'Observation 2. I have been of the opinion for some time that
this species might be Tryp. varipennis Macq., but after a closer
examination I find this not admissible, since in Macquart's figure
(Dipt. exot. II, 3, Tab. XXXI, f. 1) the band rising from the
posterior border and seaming the posterior transverse vein includes
a large clear space behind the fifth longitudinal vein, which does
not exist in Tryp. fratria, and the penultimate band is united with
the first near the second longitudinal vein, whereas in Tryp. fratria
this union takes place at the third longitudinal vein. The state-
ment of the metanotum of Tryp. varipennis being black, whereas
in my specimen of Tryp. fratria it is marked with a black dot on
each side only, could not be considered as decisive for separating
the two species, since the species of this group are very variable
in their colors.

TRYPETIDAE. 69

4. T. Slispensa LOEW. . (Tab. II, fig. 5.) Tota lutea, thorace
non vittato, alarum fasciis fuscanis obliquis, postice divergentibus, vena
longitudinal! tertia setosa.

Totally luteous yellow ; the thorax not striped ; the wings with oblique
brownish bands diverging posteriorly; the third longitudinal vein with
bristles. Long. corp. 0.21. Long. al. 0.220.23.

Dark yellow. Front purer and paler yellow; frontal bristles
black, rather short, and not very stout. Antenna yellowish, almost
as long as the face, with the bristle very thin, and having a very
delicate and short pubescence. Face a little receding, with pro-
portionately rather deep furrows for the reception of the antennae.
Opening of the mouth rather widened ; border of the mouth sharp.
Proboscis rather thick, with the suctorial flaps a little prolonged.
Palpi broad. Upper side of the thorax without stripes; its pube-
scence yellow and exceedingly short, bristles black. Scutellum
with four black bristles. Metanotum colored alike with the rest
of the body. Hairs of the abdomen short and pale, but the bris-
tles at its end black. Legs yellow ; anterior femora not very stout,
with some black bristles on the under side. Wings not very long;
their markings are mostly yellowish-brown, and leave the following
hyaline spots : 1. A small triangular one on the costal border
immediately behind the tip of the first longitudinal vein, reaching
as far as the third longitudinal vein, and joining there a hyaline
spot which lies below the stigma between the third and fourth
longitudinal veins ; 2. An oblique band slightly curved, which
rises on the posterior border, near the tip of the last longitudinal
vein, and ascends between the transverse veins as high as the third
longitudinal vein ; 3. A triangular spot of the posterior border,
occupying the greater part of the second posterior cell, and reach-
ing with its apex to a little beyond the fourth longitudinal vein ;
4. An oblique band which begins at the posterior border, imme-
diately beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein, and ascends
as high as the second longitudinal vein, so that the two oblique
clear bands almost meet with their anterior ends. The small
transverse vein is at the end of the second third of the discal cell,
and, like the posterior transverse vein, has a slightly oblique posi-
tion ; the end of the fourth longitudinal vein is distinctly curved
forwards ; the posterior angle of the anal cell is drawn out into a
long point.

Hob. Cuba. (Poey.)

70 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

<5. T. imicolor LOEW. . (Tab. II, fig. 6.) Flava, thoracis vittis
scutelloque inulto pallidioribus, fasciis alarum fusco-fiavescentibus, pos-
tice divergentibus, vena longitudinal! terti&, setosa.

Yellow, the stripes of the thorax as well as the scutelluni much paler ; the
brownish-yellow bands of the wings diverging posteriorly ; the third
longitudinal vein with bristles. Long. corp. 0.26. Long. al. 0.27.

Rather pale yellow. Front a little brighter, of moderate breadth ;
frontal bristles black, the superior ones rather stout. The yel-
lowish antennas are nearly as long as the face, bristle very short,
beset with a very short and delicate pubescence. Face a little re-
ceding, the furrows for the reception of the antenna? proportion-
ately rather deep. Opening of the mouth rather widened, border
of the mouth sharp. Proboscis rather thick, with the suctorial
flaps slightly prolonged ; palpi broad. The upper side of the
thorax, above the base of the wings, shows a stripe running from
the suture to the posterior border of the thorax, and has in the
described specimen rather a whitish color, which seems to have
been pale yellow in the living insect ; of the same color are the
shoulder and the space behind it, the scutellum and a large spot
above the poisers ; a broad stripe of the same color seems to run
from the middle of the posterior border of the thorax to nearly its
middle. The dark stripes usual in other species are indicated by
rows of blackish spots; they may, however, have become visible
only after the drying up of the insect. The short hairs of the thorax
are pale yellowish, the bristles black. Scutellum with four black
bristles. Metanotum with a black stripe on each side. Abdomen
with pale, very short hairs and brownish-black bristles at its end ;
last segment a little prolonged, with an indistinct brown longitu-
dinal line on each side. Legs yellow; anterior femora with some
brown bristles on their under side. Wings rather large; the bands
are brownish-yellow with brown edges, entirely brown near the
posterior border and the tip of the wing; the clear spaces which
they leave are as follows : 1. A very oblique one, interrupted on
the third longitudinal vein, with its anterior end forming a trian-
gular spot, placed beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein,
and running through the base of the discal cell as far as the base
of the posterior basal cell ; 2. A band, having the form of an S,
rising on the posterior border, near the tip of the last longitudinal
vein, and, after running between the transverse veins, ascending as
high as the second longitudinal vein, from whence it turns again

TRYPETIDAE. 7 1

to the posterior border, which it joins iu the neighborhood of the
tip of the fourth longitudinal vein ; 3. A large triangular spot of
the posterior border, which occupies a great portion of the second
posterior cell, and with its tip reaches beyond^the fourth longi-
tudinal vein. The stigma is long and rather dark brownish.
Transverse veins straight and steep ; the fourth longitudinal vein
is distinctly curved forwards at its end, as in Tryp. paraUela Wied.;
the posterior angle of the anal cell is drawn out into a large point.
Hob. New Granada. (Schott.)

6. T. electa SAY. 9. (Tab. II, fig. 7.) Flava, thoracis vittis scutel-
loque multo pallidioribus, alls fuscario-fasciatis, vena longitudinal! tertia
setosa, tibiis posticis nigro-ciliatis.

Yellow, the stripes of the thorax as well as the scutellum much paler ; the
wings with straight brownish bands ; the third longitudinal vein with
bristles and the upper side of the posterior tibiae ciliated with black
bristles. Long. corp. 0.29. Long. al. 0.29.

SYN. Tnjpeta electa SAY, Journ. Acad. Philad. VI, 185, 1.

Tephritis flavonotata MACQUART, Dipt. exot. Suppl. V, 125. Tab. VII, fig. 9.

This very distinct species has in the picture of the wings a
great resemblance with the European Tryp. alternata Fall. Yel-
low. Front of middling breadth ; frontal bristles black, rather
stout. Face slightly receding, with rather deep furrows for the
reception of the antennas. Antenna? yellow, reaching only a little
beyond the middle of the face ; the bristle bare and very thin.
Opening of the mouth large, but not widened ; border of the mouth
rather sharp, but not projecting. Proboscis small ; palpi rather
broad. On the upper side of the thorax there is a pale yellow
(almost ivory color in the dry specimen) stripe running from the
shoulder to the base of the wing, and a second above the base of
the wing running from the suture as far as the posterior border of
the thorax. Another stripe of the same color runs from the middle
of the posterior border to beyond the middle of the thorax, where
it is gradually pointed and obliterated; the stripe lying above the
base of the wing is interiorly edged with black in the described
specimen. Hairs of the thorax short, pale yellowish ; bristles
black. Scutellum of the color of the pale stripes of the thorax
and a black spot on each side of the base of the lateral border ; it
has four bristles. Pleura with a pale yellow longitudinal stripe in
its middle and two black little spots above it. Abdomen yellow,

72 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

with short black hairs and black bristles on the posterior borders
of the two last segments ; the last segment has a dot-like black
spot on each side near the base. Borer short, thick, not flattened
at all, a little rounded at its end, of the color of the abdomen,
and covered with black hairs. Legs yellowish ; anterior femora
with black bristles on their under side ; the under side of the
middle and posterior femora with some black bristles only near
the tip, the bristles being shorter on the middle femora; the pos-
terior tibiae on their whole upper side are densely fringed with
rather long black bristles, which afford a very characteristic mark
of this species. Wings hyaline, with brown bands. The first of
these bands is the least regular, and runs from the transverse
humeral vein as far as the end of the anal cell, the posterior angle
of which is drawn out into a long point ; this anal cell, as well as
the basal cell lying before it, is brownish-yellow. The second
band, beginning with the short stigma, runs over the small trans-
verse vein, and, after crossing the discal cell, reaches the posterior
border, on which it is connected more or less distinctly with the
posterior end of the following band. The latter begins on the
costal border before the tip of the second longitudinal vein, and
after running over the posterior transverse vein in a straight direc-
tion, reaches the posterior border of the wing. Its anterior end is
perfectly connected with the last band, which seams the wing as
far as a little beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. Be-
vween the second and third bands there is still a yellowish-brown
line drawn perpendicularly from the costal border to the third
longitudinal vein. Transverse veins straight; the small transverse
vein is a little beyond the middle of the discal cell.
Hab. Florida. (Osten-Sacken.)

7. T. insecta LOEW. . (Tab. II, fig. 8.) Thorace nigro, capite,
abdomine pedibusque luteis, alarum nigrarum incisuris marginalibus
guttulisque inter venarum longitudinaliurn tertiam et quartam tribus
vel quatuor pellucidis, vena longitudinal! tertia nuda, setis scutelli
duabus.

Thorax black ; head, abdomen, and legs luteous ; wings black, with limpid
incisions on the borders, and three or four limpid drops between the
third and fourth longitudinal veins ; third longitudinal vein bare ;
scutellum with two bristles. Long. corp. 0.14. Long. al. 0.14.

Of the group of the European Tryp. rotundiventris Fall. Head
dirty yellow. Front rather narrow, more so towards its anterior

TRYPETIDAE. 73

end ; frontal bristles brown ; the row of rather long bristles at
the posterior orbit whitish. Antennas yellowish, nearly as long
as the face. Cheeks descending only a little below the eyes.
Thorax and scutelluru black, the neighborhood of the coxa3 brown.
Hairs of the thorax short, pale yellowish, bristles brown. Scutel-
lum with two long brown bristles. Abdomen brownish-yellow ;
borer not quite so long as the two last segments united, much
broader at the base, broad and abrupt at the end, flattened, cou-
colorous with the abdomen. Legs yellow. Wings black, with
pellucid spots. On the costal border there is a small spot before
the transverse humeral vein ; a similar spot projecting a little from
the first longitudinal vein lies beyond the transverse humeral vein,
and a smaller one between it and the tip of the auxiliary vein ;
it is followed by two triangular spots of equal size, the first of
which is immediately beyond the tip of the first longitudinal
vein, and touches the third longitudinal vein at its junction with
the small transverse vein. On the posterior border of the wing
there are six clear excisions, the two first of which coalesce with
the grayish hyaline axillary angle of the wing ; the third reaches
the fifth longitudinal vein ; the fourth lying behind the tip of the
fifth longitudinal vein is more cloudy than the others, and goes
a little beyond the fifth longitudinal vein ; the fifth accompanies
the steep posterior transverse vein at its hind side, and reaches as
far as the fourth longitudinal vein ; the sixth has a more inclined
position and a sharper tip, with which it reaches the fifth longi-
tudinal vein. In the middle of the broad first posterior cell there
is a considerable hyaline drop ; a much smaller drop is seen at the
anterior side of the fourth longitudinal vein, in the middle of its
penultimate portion, and one or two hardly visible drops at the
antepenultimate portion of this vein. The second longitudinal vein
is slightly undulating, and diverges more than usually towards the
end from the third longitudinal vein ; the posterior angle of the
anal cell is drawn out into a prolonged point.
Hob. Cuba. (Poey.)

74 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

S. T. palposa LOEW. (Tab. II, fig. 9.) Flava, abdomine punc-
torum nigrorum seriebus quatuor picto, alls hyalinis luteo-fasciatis, vena
longitudinal! tertia nuda.

Yellow, abdomen with four rows of black dots, wings hyaline with luteous
bands and the third longitudinal vein bare. Long. corp. 0.26 0.27.
Long. al. 0.26.

It is nearly allied to Tryp. arctii Deg., lappce Cederli, etc.
Yellow; front brighter yellow, rather broad; frontal bristles black-
ish, the small bristles of the posterior orbit whitish. Antennas
yellow, descending a little beyond the middle of the face, their
third joint rather broad ; the bristle of the antennas apparently
bare, with the base slightly incrassated. Face a little receding,
excavated in the middle, so that the border of the mouth is pro-
jecting ; the furrows for the reception of the antennae rather flat.
Opening of the mouth very wide; proboscis thick and short; palpi
broad, rather large, with some small black bristles. Thorax with
a large glossy black spot in the middle of its anterior side ; its
upper side blackish, with the exception of the lateral and posterior
borders, and of a large triangular spot which rises from the poste-
rior border ; hairs whitish-yellow ; bristles blackish ; two of the
latter, inserted before the scutellum, are placed on larger black
dots, and two before them on smaller clots. Scutellum with four
bristles, yellow, only a little blackened at the base of the lateral
border. Metanotum black. Pleura? with some brown spots, and
above the posterior coxas with a small black spot. The third,
fourth, and fifth segments of the abdomen have each at its anterior
border four small black spots, the intermediate ones being more
approximated; the fifth segment is much prolonged, and has,
moreover, a black spot in each posterior corner. The rather coarse
hairs of the abdomen are yellowish on the first segments and the
anterior part of the middle ones, the remaining ones are black.
Legs yellow; anterior femora with black bristles on the under
side. The color of the picture of the wings is brownish-yellow in
my specimen, which is apparently a little faded ; it extends on the
costal border from the base to the tip of the first longitudinal vein,
and, on the first portion of this extent, reaches as far as the fourth
longitudinal vein, and on the second half as far as the third only.
From the tip of the first longitudinal vein a band runs over the
small transverse vein ; a second band runs from the costal border
over the posterior transverse vein ; these two bands become more

TRYPETIDAE. 75

obsolete towards the posterior border, and almost coalesce in its
neighborhood. The first of them is also connected with a stripe
which edges the fifth longitudinal vein. The edge of the tip of
the wing is perfectly connected with the second band, and reaches
a little beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein. The anal
cell is brownish-yellow. Transverse veins steep ; the small trans-
verse vein a little before the last third of the discal cell.
Hob. Northern Wisconsin. (Kennicott.)

9. T. SURTis LOEW. $ . (Tab. II, fig. 10.) Pallide flava, unicolor,
alarum hyalinarum litura basalt fasciisque tribus nigricantibus in formam
literse S confluentibus, vena longitudinal! tertia nuda.

Pale yellow, unicolorous ; wings hyaline, with a blackish basal stripe and
three blackish bands confluent in an S-shaped mark ; third longitudinal
vein naked. Long. corp. 0.20. Long. al. 0.21.

Of this species, very conspicuous by the peculiar picture of its
wings, I unfortunately possess only one individual, much injured
in carrying. It is everywhere pale yellow, and its thorax and
scutellum have no trace of a paler picture. Hairs very short,
whitish-yellow on the upper side of the thorax, rather blackish
on the pleurae ; bristles all black. Scutellum with four bristles.
Wings hyaline ; the veins at the base of the wing yellowish ; a
blackish not very striking stripe runs from the tip of the basal
humeral vein to the posterior angle of the anal cell, which is drawn
out into a point. The remainder of the picture of the wings con-
sists of three very broad, rather blackish bands ; the first runs from
the black stigma, widening gradually perpendicularly to near the
posterior border, where it is connected with the second, which rises
over the posterior transverse vein as far as the costal border, and
connects there completely with the third band which seams the tip
of the wing. The connection of the first and second bands is
somewhat interrupted by a clear incision reaching from the poste-
rior border a little into the discal cell. Above the end of this
incision there is another clear spot. Stigma small ; none of the
longitudinal veins unusually curved ; the small transverse vein is
somewhat before the middle of the discal cell and below the very tip
of the first longitudinal vein ; the posterior transverse vein is only
a little arcuated ; the two transverse veins are steep, not perfectly
perpendicular.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

76 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

1O. T. Ciligulata LOEW. $>. (Tab. II, fig. 11.) Nigra, capite
pedibusque luteis, thoracis raargine laterali scutelloque flavis, margine
segmentorurn abdominaliuin singulorum postico albido, alarum hyali-
narum fasciis quatuor punctoque apicali nigris.

Black with the head and legs luteous, the lateral borders of the thorax
and the scutellum yellow, the posterior borders of the abdominal seg-
ments whitish ; wings hyaline with four bands and an apical dot black.
Long. corp. 0.22. Long. al. 0.20.

It belongs to the relationship of the European Tryp. cerasi
Linn. (= signata Meig.), a group which must not be confounded
with that of Tryp. solstitialis Linn., closely alike in its coloring.
Black. Head rather dark yellow, front brighter yellow, of middle
breadth, with rather long black bristles. Antennae reaching to a
little beyond the middle of the face, last joint rather narrow, and
with the anterior corner rather sharp. Face straight, descending,
with moderately deep furrows for the reception of the antennae ;
border of the mouth by no means prominent. Proboscis and palpi
short. Thorax black ; the humeral callosity and a longitudinal
stripe running from the latter to the base of the wing are bright
yellow. The bristles of the thorax and the four bristles of the
yellow scutellum black ; the base and greatest part of the lateral
border of the latter black. Metanotum and abdomen glossy black,
the latter with broad whitish (perhaps more yellow in life) edges
of the posterior borders and black hairs. Borer exceedingly
short. Legs dark yellow; femora a little brownish at the base;
the anterior femora with small brown bristles on the under side;
the two posterior tibia? with short black bristles on the upper side.
Wings somewhat broad, especially in the neighborhood of the base,
with four black bands and a little black spot at the tip. The first
band runs from the basal humeral vein to the posterior angle of
the anal cell, which is drawn out into a point. The second is
broadest, running from the black stigma beyond the fifth longi-
tudinal vein, and ending abruptly in the middle between this vein
and the border of the wing. The third, which runs over the pos-
terior transverse vein, is also rather perpendicular, and completely
reaches the posterior border of the wing. The fourth band is
perfectly united with the third on the costal border, and reaches
the posterior border behind the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein,
so that it has a rather oblique position. The small apical spot

TRYPETIDAE. 77

includes the tip of the third longitudinal vein. Both transverse
veins are straight and perpendicular.
Jfab. Middle States. (Osteu-Sacken.)

11. T. polita LOEW. 9. (Tab. II, fig. 12.) Atra, nitida, capite
pedibusque flavis, scutello tuniido, alarum albido-hyaliuarum macula
basali atra fasciisque tribus latissimis fusco-nigris.

Deep black, shining ; head and legs yellow, scutellum inflated ; wings
whitish-hyaline with a basal black spot and three very broad brownish-
black bauds. Long. corp. 0.25. Long. al. 0.17 0.18.

Belongs to the relationship of the European Tryp. Wiedemanni
Meig., the species of which chiefly agree in their inflated scutellum
and short wings, while they differ among each other much in the
structure of their face. Front bright yellow, beautifully yellowish-
brown above, considerably broad ; frontal bristles black. Antennas
yellowish, descending to the middle of the face, and having a black
bristle, the pubescence of which is exceedingly short and hardly
visible. Face whitish-yellow, a little receding, its middle rather
flat ; border of the mouth not prominent at all ; opening of the
mouth rather small ; proboscis and palpi short. The inferior part
of the occiput is whitish-yellow, the superior blackish. Thorax
rather convex, altogether glossy black, bare, but the broad lateral
stripes are bordered everywhere with a row of yellowish short
hairs, and the broad middle stripe is divided by a longitudinal row
of such hairs. Bristles black. Scutellum shining black, very con-
vex, as if inflated. Metanotum black, with an indistinct whitish
reflection. Pleurse shining black, with a few stiff yellowish hairs
and some black bristles. Abdomen black ; the hairs rather stiff,
whitish on the posterior part of the first segment ; on the second
and third segments they are black, except the hindmost ones of the
posterior border, which are whitish; on the two last segments they
all are whitish. Borer shining black, flattened, pointed, abundantly
as long as the abdomen, with very short black hairs. Legs dirty
fuscous-yellow; femora not much incrassated, the anterior ones
with a few black hairs on the under side. Wings short and rather
broad, having the transverse veins very approximated and perfectly
perpendicular; they are rather whitish, with very broad brownish-
black bands. Their innermost base is yellowish, then follows a
large triangular rather deep black spot, which reaches from the
costal border as far as the axillary incision of the wing, and only

78 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

little exceeds the basal cells. The two first black or brownish-
black bauds are united on the costal border, so as to form an
inverted Y; the second of them runs from the stigma over the
transverse veins, and has a more inclined position than the first ;
the isolated third band has a position similar to that of the second,
and seams the tip of the wing some distance beyond the tip of the
fourth longitudinal vein, without coalescing anywhere completely
with the border of the wing.

ffab. Mississippi. (Schauni.) Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)
Observation. The Brazilian Urophora connexa Macq. (Dipt,
exot. Suppl. Ill, 64, Tab. VII, fig. 10) has the picture of the
wings rather similar to those of Tryp. polita. But being greenish-
black, and having the last band of the wings completely connected
with the preceding, and running straight on with the costal border,
but not reaching the tip of the third longitudinal vein, it is evi-
dently different from Tryp. polita.

12. T. sparsa WIED. and . (Tab. II, fig. 13.) Fusca, alis latis-
simis, rotundatis, nigris, albido-guttulatis et mavgine apicali albo ornatis.

Brown ; wings very broad and rounded, black with small drops, and the
apical border whitish. Long. corp. 0.27 0.30. Long. al. 0.26.

SYN. Trypeta sparsa WIEDEMANN, Auss. Zweifl. II, 492.
Trypt'ta caliptera SAY, Journ. Acad. Phil. VI, 187, 3.
Platystoma latipennis MACQUART, Dipt. exot. II, 3, 200. Tab. XXVI, fig. 8.
Acinia novseboracensis FITCH, First Rep. etc. 67.

Of a brownish-red, sometimes more brown color. Front broad,
brownish-yellow, frontal bristles black; the bristles of the poste-
rior orbit whitish-yellow. Antennas descending below the middle
of the face, their bristles with a short, but distinct- pubescence.
Face excavated in the middle, and marked with two large deep
black dots ; another small deep black spot is between the antenna
and the anterior angle of the eye. Eyes with three very distinct
transverse bands. Palpi dark brown, usually blackish at the tip ;
suctorial flaps a little prolonged. On the upper side of the thorax
there are usually two or three darker longitudinal lines, and a
broad dark-brown edge of the lateral border. The short hairs of
the thorax and scutellum are whitish-yellow, the bristles of both
black. Of the four bristles placed in the middle of the thorax, the
two first are near the transverse suture. Pleura above with whit-

TRYPETIDAE. 1 9

ish-yellow, below with black hairs, the bristles mixed among them
black. The abdomen usually bears two rows of large blackish
spots, of a rather quadrangular form, leaving between them a
brown middle streak, and not completely reaching the posterior
borders of the single segments ; sometimes they extend so much,
that only the posterior borders of the segments retain a paler color,
whereas the whole surface is blackish. Borer blackish-brown,
sometimes with a red spot on each side, a little pointed, rather flat;
its first segment is a little longer than the two last segments of the
abdomen taken together. The hairs of the abdomen are mostly
black, a few light ones being among them. Legs paler reddish-
brown, the anterior femora often partly blackened, with some black
bristles on the upper and under sides. Wings exceedingly broad,
with the uninterrupted whitish seam of the tip forming a narrow
crescent ; on their surface there are numerous clear drops rather
equally scattered, but totally wanting in that part of the black
color which adjoins the white crescent, as well as before the first
longitudinal vein. At the tip of the first longitudinal vein, a small,
clear, but little distinct stripe is seen. The small transverse vein
straight and perpendicular, the posterior one a little curved and
steep.

Hob. Northern Wisconsin. (Kennicott.)

Observation. I possess a specimen, which is distinguished by its
much paler, almost dull testaceous color, its less enlarged wings
and the somewhat larger size of the clear drops, but as to the other
characters agrees so perfectly with the ordinary specimens of Tryp.
sparsa Wied. that I do not venture tp declare it a different species.

13. T. rotimdipeiinis LOEW. . (Tab. II, fig. 14.) Fusca, alis
latissimis, rotundatis, nigris, albido-guttulatis et in marginibus ante-
riore et apicali maculas minutas albidas gerentibus.

Brown ; wings broad and rounded, black, with very small whitish drops
in the middle, and small whitish spots on the costal and apical borders.
Long. corp. 0.28. Long. al. 0.26.

Of this species I have only one specimen, which is unfortunately
so much injured in the journey as to prevent me from giving a
full description. However, as it is very nearly related to Tryp.
sparsa Wied., it will be recognized even from my incomplete de-
scription. The color is the same ; the wings are still shorter and
broader, especially the cell which lies before the first longitudinal

80 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

vein is much broader ; the third longitudinal vein is much more
undulated, and the last portion of the fourth longitudinal vein is
shorter than the posterior transverse vein, whereas it is a little
longer in Tryp. sparsa. None of the drops on the wings of Tryp.
sparsa is of a more considerable size than the others, whereas
Tryp. rotundipennis has such a drop between the third and fourth
longitudinal veins, opposite to the base of the discal cell ; the
drops are in general equally distributed in Tryp. sparsa, they
are much more irregularly grouped in Tryp . rotundipennis ; the
size and number of the drops diminishes a little from the base
towards the apex in Tryp. sparsa; their number only, not their size
diminishes in Tryp. rotundipennis ; their size increasing towards
the posterior border in Tryp. sparsa, this is not the case in Tryp.
rotundipennis. In Tryp. sparsa the white crescent seaming the
apex of the wing is entire, in Tryp. rotundipennis it is dissolved
into several spots. Finally, the anterior border of the wings of
Tryp. rotundipennis bears a row of small clear spots, whereas
Tryp. sparsa has no trace of them.
Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

14. T. clatlirata LOEW. 9. (Tab/II, fig. 15.) Caua, capite pedi-
busque flavis, femoribus litura nigra signatis, alls rare reticulatis, stig-
mate atro albo-guttato, peristonrio modice producto, proboscide breviter
geniculata.

Whitish-gray ; head and legs yellow ; wings with a diffuse reticulation,
and the black stigma including a limpid drop ; oral border moderately
prolonged, proboscis shortly geniculated. Long. corp. 0.12 Long. al.
0.13.

Head yellowish ; the lateral borders of the front, the face, and
the much descending cheeks whitish. The bristles on the front
black, on the sides of the vertex and posterior orbit white. The
face with rather deep subantennal furrows prolonged to the oral
border, which is not very projecting. Antennae fulvous, rather
short ; the anterior corner of the third joint a little acute ; the
second joint with very short black hairs ; antennal bristle black
and moderately long, with the pubescence scarcely visible. Tho-
rax and scutellum whitish gray, with short pubescence and black
bristles. The scutellum bears four bristles, the two apical, ones
being much shorter and less stout than the lateral ones ; its tip is
sometimes yellow. The whitish-gray abdomen has two rows of very

TRYPETIDAE. 81

distinct black spots. The hair and even the bristles on the hind
border of the last segment are white. The flat ovipositor is glossy-
black, as long as the two last segments of the abdomen and mode-
rately tapering towards the tip. The legs and anterior coxae are
dark yellow, with white hairs ; the thighs with a blackish stripe
somewhat covered with whitish dust. Wings not very narrow, hya-
line, with the base very slightly yellowish ; their black reticulation
is not very dense and not very delicate, extending towards the base
of the wing as far as the base of the discal cell, and dissolving
towards the axillary angle into some scattered spots ; stigma black,
with a whitish dot; the middle and posterior transverse veins rather
approximate.

Hob. Middle States. (Osteu-Sacken.)

Observation. The proboscis of this species being short with the
suctorial flaps but moderately prolonged, attention is to be paid to
its true place, which is among the species with a geniculated pro-
boscis.

15. T. lllimilis LOEW. . (Tab. II, fig. 17.) Cinerea, capite pedi-
busque flavis, femoribus nigris, alis rare reticulatis, stigmate atro non
guttato, peristoniio valde producto, proboscide geniculata.

Cinereous ; head and legs yellow, with the femora black ; reticulation of
the wings diffuse, and the black stigma including no limpid drop ; oral
border much prolonged ; proboscis geniculated. Long. corp. 0.09. Long,
al. 0.1.

Among the kindred of the European Tryp. elongatula Loew,
but in its habit more resembling Tryp. absinthii Fabr. Head
yellow, considerably prolonged anteriorly. Front yellow, dis-
tinctly margined with white at the orbit ; frontal bristles black.
Face excavated with the anterior border of the mouth much pro-
longed. Antennae bright yellow, proportionately large and broad,
reaching as far as the prolonged border of the mouth ; the ante-
rior corner of the third joint a little pointed ; the second joint with
very short black hairs ; antennal bristles very long, black, with a
very short and hardly visible pubescence. Thorax and scutellum
yellowish ashy-gray with short whitish-yellow hairs and black
bristles. In the middle of the thorax there are four bristles, the
two foremost being very near the suture. Scutellum with only two
long bristles rather distant from the tip and not close by its lateral
border. Metanotum black with grayish pollen. Abdomen ashy-
6

82 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

gray with two rows of rather large blackish spots. Its hairs are
whitish yellow ; some black bristles on the posterior border of
the prolonged last segment. Tip of the first joint and the second
joint of the coxaa rather dark yellow. Femora brownish-black,
with dark yellow tips. Tibiaa and tarsi dark yellow. Wings pro-
portionately rather long and narrow. Their reticulation is black,
rather diffuse and coarse ; the base of the wing as far as the base
of the discal cell has no reticulation. The black stigma includes
no clear dot. Moreover, the reticulation of the wings is somewhat
variable. Transverse veins rather near each other.

Hab. Cuba. (Poey.)

Observation. I have a female likewise captured in Cuba, which, ,
I think, belongs to the present species. It resembles the male in
everything but the femora, which are darkened to a much smaller
extent, and not with black, but brown. The borer is black, flat,
about as long as the two last segments of the abdomen taken
together.

16. T. soliclaginis FITCH. and ?. (Tab. II, fig. 16.) Rufo
ferruginea, capite pedibusque flavioribus, fronte latissima, setis scutelli
valde convex! duabus, alis fusco-reticulatis, incisuris una anteriore,
duabus posterioribus apiceque hyaliuis, parcissime fusco-maculatis.

Brownish-ferruginous with the head and legs more yellow ; front very
broad; scutellum very convex with two bristles. Wings reticulated
with fuscous having one limpid space at the costa and two at the
posterior border scarcely dotted with fuscous. Long. corp. 0.26. Long.
al. 0.26.

SYN. Acinia solidaginis FITCH. First Rep. 66.

This remarkable species, which, according to Mr. Fitch, produces
round galls on the stems of Solidago,has no near relations among the
European Trypetce. In consequence of the extraordinary breadth
of its front, the breadth and convexity of its thorax, and the in-
flation of its large scutellum, it has the appearance of a large
Lipara. It is brownish ferruginous. Head more yellow, face
almost whitish. The bristles of the unusually broad front are
black, smaller and weaker than in most other species, so that one
might easily be tempted to refer the species to the Ortalidce, if the
structure of the auxiliary vein did not prove that it belongs here.
Face deepened in the middle, prominent again underneath. An-
tennae yellow, short and broad, the third joint having a rather dis-

TRYPETIPAE. 83

tinct, but not sharp anterior corner ; bristle of the antennae with a
hardly visible pubescence. Opening of the mouth very wide ;
palpi and proboscis short. Thorax very convex and broad ; on its
upper side in the middle usually a double stripe ending abruptly
behind, the posterior part of the lateral stripe and a longitudinal
streak above the base of each wing, black. The short hairs of
the thorax are whitish yellow, its delicate bristles black. Scutel-
lum very convex, quite blunt; the posterior pair of bristles which
in most species exists at the tip, is here always wanting so that
there is only one bristle on each side near the lateral border ; a
second weaker bristle is seldom inserted immediately beside it.
Abdomen broad, especially in the male, which has also the last
segment a little prolonged and rounded. Borer of the female a
little longer than the two last segments taken together, moderately
broad, and quite flat, red, blackened at its extremity. Legs rather
dirty yellow, femora more brownish. Wings rather large and of
more equal breadth than usual. The reticulation of the wings is
almost umber brown with small pale brownish drops and hyaline
marginal spots very rarely dotted with brown ; the first of these
spots is triangular and extends from the posterior border to inside
of the discal cells ; the second is much smaller, but also of tri-
angular form, and reaches with its tip to the fourth longitudinal
vein ; the third forms a margin along the apex of the wing, reach-
ing from the tip of the second longitudinal vein to the tip of the
fourth longitudinal vein ; the last spot forms a small oblique tri-
angle extending from the costal border to the third longitudinal
vein, and lying immediately beyond the tip of the first longitudinal
vein. A costal spine does not exist. The first longitudinal vein
is more hairy than bristly; the transverse veins are perpendicular;
the small transverse vein is almost at the end of the second third
of the discal cell ; the hind angle of the anal cell has only a short
point.

Hab. New York. (Dr. Fitch.) Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)
Observation. This species has so many peculiarities, that it
might easily be considered as the type of a new genus. The broad
front, broad and convex thorax, a scutellum having only two bris-
tles, the first longitudinal vein alone being hairy, and the absence
of the costal spine, would be its most essential characters.

84 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

17. T. seriata LOEW. . (Tab. II, fig. 18.) Flava, alis concoloribus,
per maculas minntas nigricantes, seriatim dispositas, reticulatis et nigro-
limbatis.

Yellow ; wings of the same color, margined with black and reticulated
with small blackish spots, arranged in longitudinal rows. Long. corp.
0.24. Long. al. 0.260.27.

Rather bright yellow, quite unicolorous, the hairs and bristles
also yellow, the latter, however, appearing brown when seen in
n certain light. Front rather broad. Face descending rather
straight, strongly excavated, however, in its middle. Proboscis
short ; palpi rather broad and short. Scutellum with four bristles.
The wings are proportionately long, and of very equal breadth.
Their yellow ground color is rather obsolete in the middle line of
the cells and on the posterior border. The reticulation of the
greater part of the wings is effected by blackish angular specks
arranged in two rows between each two veins ; only the axillary
angle has a connected blackish-gray reticulation formed by clear
drops. Immediately before the tip of the auxiliary vein begins the
black margin of the wing, which encompasses the apex and pro-
ceeds to the axillary angle, growing gradually paler in its progress,
and meeting several interruptions ; the most remarkable of these
interruptions are a rather hyaline spot immediately beyond the
tip of the first longitudinal vein, and a row of similar round spots
along the posterior border, the two first of which in the second
posterior cell, the following more frequent towards the axillary
angle. The third longitudinal vein bears very distinct bristles
from its base as far as the small transverse vein. The small trans-
verse vein is nearly at the end of the second third of the discal
cell. The posterior transverse vein is not cjuite perpendicular.
The hind angle of the anal cell is prolonged into a moderately
long point.

Hob, Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

IS. T. Solaris LOEW. 9 . (Tab. II, fig. 19.) Cana, capite pedibusque
luteis. puncto humeral! et altero ante alarum basim flavis, alis albohya-
linis, macula magna subapicali nigra, biguttata et radios octo emittente,
ornatis.

Whitish gray ; head and legs luteous, a dot on the shoulder and another
before the base of the wings yellow ; wings whitish hyaline, with a sub-

TRYPETIDAE. 85

apical black spot including two limpid drops and emitting eight rays to
the border of the wing. Long. corp. 0.17. Long. al. O.lfJ 0.17.

One of the group of the European T. stellata Fuessl., cometa
Loevv, gnaphalii Loew, etc., and very much resembling these
species. Head yellow; front rather broad; frontal bristles black-
ish ; the bristles of the posterior orbit whitish. Front a little
prominent, face slightly receding and a little excavated in the
middle, so that the borer of the mouth projects again. Antennae
rather broad, reaching down to beyond the middle of the face, with
the bristle having a very short, hardly visible pubescence. Open-
ing of the mouth very large ; proboscis and palpi short. Thorax
whitish-gray with a pale yellow dot at the shoulder angle, and a
second immediately before the base of the wing. The short hairs
of the upper side of the thorax are whitish, the bristles blackish ;
of the four bristles in its middle, the first pair is very near the
suture. Scutellum with only two long bristles. Abdomen whitish-
gray at the base, more ashy gray towards the end, with short,
whitish-yellow hairs, the hind border of the last segment having
black bristles. Borer shining black, flat, tapering towards the
end, nearly as long as the three last abdominal segments taken
together, with black hairs. Legs dark-yellow. Wings whitish
hyaline before the tips, with a large radiating spot, incumbent to
the costal border ; this black spot includes two clear drops, one
of which on the costal border immediately behind the tip of the
second longitudinal vein, the second between the two transverse
veins at the anterior side of the fourth longitudinal vein. The
first ray runs from the anterior end of the small transverse vein to
the stigma, in which it vanishes ; the second is shorter and reaches
the costal border between the tip of the first longitudinal vein and
the black spot itself; the third and fourth rays run to the tip of
the wing, reaching it at the tips of the third and fourth longitu-
dinal veins ; the fifth and sixth cross the second posterior cell ; the
seventh includes the posterior transverse vein and reaches the pos-
terior border of the wing, whereas the eighth reaches only to the
fifth longitudinal vein. The small transverse vein lies outside of
the black spot ; yet in its whole neighborhood the surface of the
wing is brownish, and a small gray spot lies immediately before it.
Transverse veins approximated, perpendicular ; the small trans-
verse vein rather far beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein.

Hob. Georgia. (Osten-Sacken.)

86 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

19. T. aequalis LOEW. ^ . (Tab. II, fig. 20.) Flava, unicolor, alis
sequaliter fusco-reticulatis, guttis hyalinis plerisque majoribus.

Yellow, unicolored, with the brown reticulation of the wings very uniform
and most of the limpid drops of considerable size. Long. corp. 0.22
0.23. Long. al. 0.23.

Totally yellow, also the hairs and bristles, only the anterior
frontal bristles and those at the hind border of the last abdominal
segment being brownish. . Front rather broad and short. Face
descending nearly straight, excavated a little above ; the border
of the mouth not projecting. Antenna yellow, slightly descend-
ing beyond the middle of the face, third joint rather narrow, bristle
with an extremely short, hardly visible pubescence. Opening of
the mouth small, a little prolonged anteriorly, so that its form is
almost triangular. Proboscis and palpi of middle size. The first
pair of the bristles inserted in the middle of the thorax, is very
near the transverse suture. Scutellum with four bristles. Legs a
little more slender than usual, tarsi longer; anterior femora rather
thick, with remarkable, pale yellowish bristles on the under side.
Wings of rather equal breadth, hyaline with a brownish reticulation
of unusual uniformity. Most of the drops forming it are rather
large ; those on the costal border are more oblong, and separated
by short blackish-brown rays ; the color of the reticulation near
the border of the wings is considerably darker than in the middle
of the wing. The small transverse vein lies far beyond the tip of
the first longitudinal vein, and a little beyond the third fourth of
the discal cell ; the posterior transverse vein is a little oblique.

Hob. Illinois. (Kennicott.)

20. T. f estiva LOEW. ^ and 9. (Tab. II, fig. 21.) Flava, unicolor,
terebra fceminje valcle elongata fusca, alis hyalinis insequaliter reticulatis,
in apice radiatis, pictura in basi et disco flavescente, prope marginem an-
ticum et in triente alarum apicali nigro-fusca.

Yellow, unicolored ; the borer of the female brown and very prolonged ;
reticulation of the wings unequal, radiated in the apex, yellowish at the
base and in the disk, dark fuscous near the borders and on the apical
third of the wing. Long. corp. $ 0.170.18, J 0.200.23. Long,
al. 0.22.

Rather bright yellow ; hairs and bristles almost all of the same
color, only the anterior frontal bristles as well as the bristles of

TRYPETIDAE. 81

the hind border of the last abdominal segment brownish, and the
short hairs in the middle of the abdomen mostly blackish. Front
of middle breadth. Face rather narrow, descending almost per-
pendicularly, slightly excavated ; border of the mouth not promi-
nent. Antennae yellow, reaching a little beyond the middle of the
face ; the third joint not broad, with the bristle having a very short,
hardly visible pubescence. Opening of the mouth rather large,
raised a little anteriorly. Proboscis and palpi of middle size.
Cheeks descending a little beneath the eyes. The foremost of the
two pairs of bristles inserted in the middle of the thorax is close
by the transverse suture. Scutellum with four bristles. Abdo-
men sometimes brownish-tawny, leaving the hind borders of the
segments paler ; this color seems to result from desiccation, since in
some individuals the abdomen is uniformly yellow. The borer is
conical, narrow, not flattened, nearly as long as the four last ab-
dominal segments taken together, blackish-brown in well-colored
individuals, red with black extremity in more recent individuals.
Wings hyaline, the reticulation being blackish-brown, paler and
yellowish-brown near the base and in the middle of the wing. In
the middle of the wing there are only a few drops of considerable
size, four of which are remarkable for their regular position and a
more whitish appearance ; one of these drops is above, the second
before, the third behind the small transverse vein, the fourth in the
discal cell nearly before the posterior transverse vein. The reticu-
lation sends the following blackish-brown rays to the border of the
wing : 1. A narrow one to the middle of the exterior cbstal cell ;
2. A narrow one to the tip of the auxiliary vein ; 3. A broader
one, the end of which is sometimes separated as a spot, to the
middle of the stigma, and another being sometimes confluent with
it, to the end of the first longitudinal vein ; 4. A narrow one
rising from the first of the four drops enumerated above; 5. A
very broad one reaching the border of the wing between the fore-
going ray and the tip of the second longitudinal vein ; 6. A ray
running to the tip of the second longitudinal vein ; 7. A ray end-
ing between the tips of the second and third longitudinal veins ;
8 and 9. Two rays running to the tips of the third and fourth
longitudinal veins ; 10 and 11. Two rays crossing the second pos-
terior cell, the second of which joins the reticulation, which is
formed by a few large drops, and fills the hind part of the wing as
far as the axillary incision. Small transverse vein a little inclined

88 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

exteriorly, placed at the end of the second third of the discal cell ;
posterior transverse vein steep.

Hob. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken.)

21. T.liellaLoEW. -fcand?. (Tab. II, fig. 23.) Flavo-cinerea, capite,
pedibus abdomineque luteis, hoc apicem versus nigricante, alis nigro-
reticulatis, in apice radiatis, guttis disci paucissimis, pone venulam
transversam nulla.

Yellowish gray ; head, legs, and abdomen yellow, the latter blackened
towards the end ; reticulation of the wings radiating at the apex, black,
with very few drops in the middle ; no drops at all beyond the small
transverse vein. Long. corp. 0.12 0.13. J 0.13 0.15. Long. al.
0.110.12.

Head rather pale yellow, front and antennas sometimes darker,
the former being of middle breadth, slightly narrowed anteriorly.
Face rather narrow, nearly perpendicular, slightly excavated, the
anterior border of the mouth again projecting a little. Antennas
yellow, reaching to nearly the border of the mouth; the third joint
somewhat broad, with the bristle having an extremely short, hardly
visible pubescence. Opening of the mouth very large, a little raised
anteriorly. Proboscis and palpi rather large. Cheeks descending
a little beneath the eyes. Thorax yellowish-gray. Scutellurn of
the same color, pale yellow at the tip, to a larger or smaller
extent, with four bristles. Metanotnm black, but dark gray from
its being dusted with paler. Abdomen dark yellow, black towards
the extremity ; well preserved specimens show distinctly that this
black color is produced by each of the last segments having two
large blackish spots, which leave an intermediate streak, and the
posterior border yellow; in most specimens these black spots are
not distinct, or only the hind borders of the last segments are
paler. Borer black, rather broad, narrower towards the end, flat,
little longer than the two last segments taken together. Legs
yellow. Hairs of the whole body and all bristles yellowish, only
the very short hairs of the borer being black. The reticulation of
the wings is blackish-brown, leaving only the innermost base of
the wing free, with the exception that it has some blackish spots.
In the middle of the wing there are so few clear drops, that the
black color is not only continuous, but also occupies most part of
the surface ; in the sub-marginal cell there is only one clear drop,
near the hind side of the second longitudinal vein and a little beyond
the small transverse vein. Between the third and fourth longitu-

TRYPETIDAE. 89

dinal veins there is only a single clear drop on the anterior side of
the antepenultimate portion of the fourth longitudinal vein. The
want of that drop which is usually inside of the said interval be-
yond the small transverse vein, is very characteristic of this species,
as is also the considerable depth and blacker color of the convexity
existing there. In the discal cell there is always one drop on the
hind side of the penultimate portion of the fourth longitudinal
vein, and one or more such drops on the anterior side of the
fifth longitudinal vein. The third posterior cell and the axillary
angle of the wing have a reticulation produced by a few, propor-
tionately large, hyaline drops. The reticulation of the wings
emits ten rays to the borders, corresponding to those of Tryp.
festiva, except that the first ray of the latter species is wanting
totally in Tryp. bella, and the two rays described under No. 3 in
Tryp. festiva are reunited into one single ray in Tryp. bella ; the
last ray in Tryp. bella is usually connected again with the remain-
ing reticulation ; in this case the second posterior cell also con-
tains a separated clear drop. Posterior transverse vein not quite
perpendicular.

Hob. Washington. (Osten-Sacken). New York. (Dr. Fitch.)
Observation. Among the specimens forwarded by Baron Osten-
Sacken there was one bearing the name of Acinia bella Fitch. I
have therefore adopted this name for this fine new species.
J^fote. Very common on Ambrosia artemisicefolia. 0. S.

22. T. latifrons LOEW. 9 . (Tab. II, fig. 22.) Obscura, capite, tibiis
tarsisque flavescentibus, fronte latissima, scutello convexo biseto, alis
latiusculis, parce et satis sequaliter nigro-fusco reticulatis et in apice
breviter radiatis, bulla cellula posterioris primse permagna.

Obscure ; head, tibiae, and tarsi yellowish ; front very broad ; scutellum
very convex, with two bristles ; wings rather broad, with the blackish
reticulation rather uniform, but little crowded, and emitting short rays
at the tip ; the first posterior cell with a very large convexity. Long,
corp. 0.30. Long. al. 0.27.

The single specimen of this species which I have seen being oily,
I can say nothing certain about the color of its body. On the upper
side of the thorax there is a broad, simple intermediate stripe, and
on each side a bipartite lateral one, moreover a darker streak above
the base of the wing. Metanotum black, shining. The last abdo-
minal segment shining blackish-brown. Head yellowish ; front

90 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

*

exceedingly broad; frontal bristles black; on the lateral border
there are only two, bent anteriorly. Face perpendicular, deeply
excavated in the middle, gradually projecting again below. An-
tennae yellowish, short, very broad, the third joint having a distinct,
though not sharp anterior corner, the bristle with an exceedingly
short pubescence. Cheeks rather broad. Opening of the mouth
large; proboscis short; palpi very broad and projecting much
over the border of the mouth. The short hairs of the thorax are
whitish-yellow, the bristles black ; the anterior one of the two pairs
of bristles inserted in the middle of the thorax is very near to the
suture. Scutellum very convex, with only two bristles. Borer
shining black, a little longer than the three last abdominal seg-
ments taken together, conical, not flattened at all, a little inflated
at the basal half. Femora almost black at the base, further on
brown, yellow at the tip; tarsi and tibiae yellow, the latter brown-
ish-yellow towards the base. Wings rather broad, covered entirely
with a black reticulation ; the drops in it are more numerous,
larger, and hyaline on the borders of the wings, much more scarce,
smaller, and mostly yellowish-brown in their middle. There are
eight short, blackish-brown rays on the portion of the costal bor-
der lying beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein and at the
tip of the wing. Between the third and fourth longitudinal veins
there is only a single hyaline drop before the small transverse vein.
Transverse veins perpendicular; the convexity of the first posterior
cell very large and deep, rendering thereby its surroundings rather
uneven.

Hob. Carolina. (Zimmermann.)

T. melaiiogastra LOEW. $ and . (Tab. II, fig. 23.) Flavo-
cinerea, abdomine nigro, capite pedibusque flavis, alis hyalinis, nigro-
reticulatis et in apice breviter radiatis, guttis disci paucissiinis, bulla
cellulse posterioris primse minima, scutello biseto.

Yellowish-gray; abdomen black, head and legs yellow; wings hyaline
with a black reticulation, short apical rays, few discal limpid drops, and
a small convexity in the first posterior cell ; scutellum with two bristles.
Long. corp. 0.09 9 0.12. Long. al. 0.12.

Yellowish-gray, with a black abdomen. Head yellow; front
bright yellow, of middle breadth ; frontal bristles brown, but ap-
pearing yellow in a reflected light. Face rather narrow, descend-
ing straight, excavated in the middle, gradually projecting again

TRYPETIDAE. 91

beneath. Antennae yellowish, rather broad, with the third joint
having a distinct anterior corner, and the bristle with a short,
hardly visible pubescence. Eyes almost round. Cheeks narrow.
Opening of the mouth large ; proboscis and palpi short. The
short hairs of the thorax pale yellowish, the bristles brownish; the
first of the two pairs of bristles in the middle of the thorax very
near the transverse suture. Scutellum of the color of the thorax,
but usually yellow at the tip, with two bristles. Abdomen and
metanotum black, rather glossy; the short and scattered hairs of
the former pale yellowish. Borer flat, shining black, nearly as
long as the abdomen. Legs yellow. Wings hyaline, with the
reticulation blackish and a little interrupted, leaving only the
innermost base of the wing free. The following hyaline spots
produce the reticulation on the borders of the wing : one before
the tip of the auxiliary vein; two between the tips of the first and
second longitudinal veins, and sometimes a drop immediately before
the tip of the second longitudinal vein, five oblong incisions limit-
ing the four rays emitted to the tip of the wing ; a clear drop
touching the border beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein,
often confluent with a drop lying immediately above it, and forming
thereby an incision ; three drops between the tips of the fifth and
sixth longitudinal veins, the intermediate of which is the largest ;
a drop immediately before the tip of the sixth longitudinal vein,
and one in the axillary angle. On the middle of the wing there
are the following rather large clear drops : one on the hind side of
the second longitudinal vein, a little beyond the small transverse
vein; the others on the anterior side of the fourth longitudinal
vein, one being before, the other behind the small transverse vein;
one on the anterior side of the fifth longitudinal vein, and a little
before the small transverse vein, having sometimes a small drop on
each side ; a very large drop in the middle of the third posterior
cell, and a very minute one at the innermost base of this cell.
Hob. Cuba. (Poey.)

APPENDIX I.

I give here as an appendix a translation of Wiedemann's descrip-
tions of four species, which I have formerly seen, but have not
before me at present.

92 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

1. T. liclitensteinii WIED. (Auss. Zweifl. II, 497, 31.) . (Tab.
II, fig. 25.)

Clay-colored ; wings with, the tip, a square spot on the hind border, an
oblique band and some dots, brown. Long. corp. 0.2.

Front and antennae rather bright yellow, all the other parts
more or less honey-yellow, turning to clay color on the thorax.
The fuscous color of the apex of the wing extends farther along
the anterior than on the posterior border, and forms a little tooth
on the fourth longitudinal vein ; a large square fuscous spot is
situated on the hind border, and includes the posterior transverse
vein. Between this spot and the brown apex there is a triangular
almost hyaline space, having a very limpid drop in each corner,
and including a small fuscous spot on the hind border of the wing.
The anterior corner of the square fuscous spot is connected with
the stigma by an oblique fuscous band, including the small trans-
verse vein ; there are besides a small fuscous dot above the fifth
longitudinal vein, and another slightly larger below this vein, and
also a brown margin of the small basal transverse veins ; some
pure limpid drops of a rather large size are seen near the borders
of the larger brown spots.

Hah. Mexico.

Observation. The bristle of the antennae is thickened near the
base in a striking and peculiar manner. In each of the sinuses of
the large hyaline spots of the wing there is a large whitish drop,
not a clear one, as Wiedemann states.

2. T. scutellaris WIED. (Auss. Zweifl. II, 484, 13.) and .

(Tab. II, figs. 26, 27.)

Thorax with the lateral border spotted with black ; scutellum polished,
brown with a reddish stripe ; abdomen marked with blackish-brown
bands ; wings with brown bauds and spots. Long. corp. 0.26.

Antenna pale ochreous ; front isabella-colored, with the upper
part gray. Middle of the thorax grayish, with two darker stripes
and some little dots. Scutellum polished, with the lateral borders
dark brown and the middle reddish. Abdomen very pale gray at
the base, with a fuscous band, a little interrupted in its middle ;
the third, fourth, and fifth abdominal segments each with a similar
band at the base, but more interrupted in the middle and attenuated

TRYPETIDAE. 93

towards the sides. Ovipositor broad, red on each side of the base,
the remainder gray, with the tip fuscous. Wings with a brown
band running over the basal transverse veins, but not attaining the
posterior border; and with a complete band before the middle
transverse vein, emitting another oblique band which crosses the
two transverse veins and runs to the posterior border. Tip of the
wing brown. The costal portion of the space, included by the
second band and the brown of the tip, is tinged with brown on
its basal half, whereas its apical half is yellow and spotted with
brown before a small hyaline margin of the brown apex ; one of
the brown spots in the yellow half reaches the third longitudinal
vein.

Hal). Mexico.

Observation. The number and size of the black spots on the
lateral border of the thorax is rather variable. In the female the
abdomen has alternately gray and black bands ; in the male only
the two last segments of the abdomen are shining black, with the
exception of the posterior borders. I am not sure whether this
species is a real Trypeta, several characters seeming to prove that
it belongs to Ortalis. Many years have elapsed since I have seen
it ; besides, at that time I was not quite certain about the true
limit between the Trypetid<z and Ortalidce.

3. T. comma WIED. (Auss. Zweifl. II, 478, 4.) . (Tab. II, fig.
28.)

Of a pale brick color ; thorax with yellowish hair ; wings fuscous, with a
limpid costal triangle, including a fuscous comma. Long. corp. 0.23.

Antennae of a light clay color, with the third joint very short.
Face of a very pale, front of a more saturated clay color. Thorax
with yellowish hair. Scutellum and pleura? brownish-red. Abdo-
men a little paler. Ovipositor polished, with the extremity of the
tip black. Wings fuscous, with numerous lighter little dots, grow-
ing almost hyaline towards the hind border. There is beyond the
middle of the costa a triangular limpid excision, including a central
fuscous comma, reaching from the costa to the first longitudinal
vein ; the tip of the wing is, in an almost imperceptible manner,
margined interruptedly with hyaline. Poisers yellow, with the
knob brown. Legs reddish-ochrcous, tarsi paler.

Hob. Kentucky.

94 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Note. Judging by the character of the picture and the vena-
tion of the wings, this species seems to have some relation to T.
solidayinis Fjtch. [I possess specimens from Maryland which
answer this description, except that the abdomen is brown, and
that there is an elongated hyaline spot at the tip of the sixth
longitudinal vein. Macquart (Dipt. Exot. II, 3, p. 229) had
evidently a similar specimen before him, and took it for Trypeta
comma. I incline to believe that he was right. 0. S.]

4. T. Clllta WIED. (Auss. Zweifl. II, 486, 1C.) . (Tab. II, fig.
29.)

Pale reddish-yellow ; wings brownish-yellow, marked with limpid drops
and a black dot towards the tip, the borders being limpid and radiated
with brownish-yello^f. Long. corp. 0.3.

Antennae brownish-yellow, with the third joint very short. Face
yellowish, very polished, with three black dots. Front ochreous,
on each side with a deep black dot near the antennas. Eyes golden-
green, speckled with purplish. Thorax almost brownish-yellow,
with indistinct darker stripes. Scutellum polished, with two black
dots at the tip. Abdomen ochreous, with bristly hairs and indis-
tinct fuscous spots. Wings shining, clay colored on the disk, from
which several clay-colored rays, margined with brown, run to the
borders of the wing; on the disk there are several limpid drops
encircled with black, and some brown spots appearing violet in a
certain light, and farther towards the apex there is an impressed
black dot ; on the posterior border, towards the base, some limpid
drops may be seen. The costa has two or three small bristles at
the end of the auxiliary vein.

Hob. Savannah.

APPENDIX II.

In order to complete this paper on N. A. Trypetidx, it has been deemed
useful to reproduce the descriptions of the species of this family found in
former authors, but as yet not identified by Mr. Loew. As four of the
descriptions of this category are already presented by Mr. Loew in the
first appendix, I give here the remaining, according to the list of species
on p. 61. Four species only from Jamaica, described by Mr. Walker, have
been omitted a as their descriptions, published in English, will always be
easily accessible to those desirous to extend their collections to the West

TRYPETIDAE. 95

Indian Islands. (These species are : T. acidusa Walk., List of Dipt. Brit.
Mus., vol. iv. p. 1014 ; T. ocresia, ibid. p. 1016 ; T. avala, ibid. p. 1020 ;
T. dinia, ibid. p. 1040.) The descriptions published in foreign languages
I have translated into English ; all measurements have been reduced to
tenths of an inch. 0. S.

5. T. fwcata FABR. (Syst. Antl. 321, 24. Ent. Syst. IV, 359, 194.)

Musca antennis setariis, cinerea, ano testaceo, alis fuscis, albo
punctatis.

Hob. In Americse meridionalis insulis. Dr. Pflug.

Corpus parvum, cinereum, ano solo testaceo ; alse fuscas, punctis
numerosissimis albis. Oculi virides.

Antennae with a bristle, body cinerous, anus testaceous, wings
brown, spotted with white. (Islands of South America.)

Body small, cinerous, the anus alone testaceous; wings brown,
with numerous white dots; eyes green.

(This is taken from Entom. Syst. ; the description in Syst. Antl.
is still shorter.)

6. T. narytia WALK. $. (Walk. List. etc. IV, p. 1020.) Fusca,
cinereo tecta, capite fulvo, abdomine piceo, basi fulvo, palpis antennis,
pedibusque fulvis, alis limpidis, fusco quadrifasciatis. Long. corp. 0.1.
Long. al. about 0.2.

Body brown, thinly clothed with short black hairs; head and
chest beset with very few black bristles ; head tawny, adorned with
white bloom, which occupies only the sides of the crown ; sides of
the face without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes red ; fore-
part slightly convex, its facets a little larger than those else-
where ; sucker black, clothed with tawny hairs ; palpi tawny ;
feelers tawny, shorter than the face ; third joint downy, nearly
conical, rather more than twice the length of the second, slightly
angular on the upper side of the tip ; bristle black, bare, tawny
and stout at the base, rather more than twice the length of the
third joint ; chest covered with gray bloom ; abdomen pitchy,
shining, spindle-shaped, tawny at the base, much longer and a little
narrower than the chest ; legs tawny, clothed with short black
hairs ; claws black ; wings colorless, adorned with four black
bands ; the first, second and fourth bands extend but little below
the fore border; the third attains the hind border and includes the
two cross veins ; wing-ribs and veins tawny, the latter dark to-
wards the tips, and in the dark parts of the wing ; the distance

96 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

between the cross-veins is less than the length of the middle cross-
vein ; poisers tawny.

Hob. Florida. (Mr. Doubleday.)

*
7. T. mevarna WALK. 9. (Walk. List. etc. IV, p. 1023.) Fusca,

cinereo tecta, abdomine basi cinereo, apice nigro, palpis, anteunis, pedi-

busque fulvis, alls albis apice fusco radiatis. Long. corp. 0.13. Long.

alar. 0.25.

Body dark tawny, thinly clothed with tawny hairs, covered with
gray bloom, which has a tawny tinge on the breast ; head tawny ;
sides of the face without bristles ; epistoma not prominent ; eyes
brassy, adorned with green and purple ; forepart rather flat, its
facets larger than those elsewhere ; sucker tawny, clothed with
tawny hairs ; palpi tawny, beset with tawny bristles ; feelers tawny,
a little shorter than the face ; third joint nearly linear, downy,
very slightly rising on the upper side at the tip, which is trun-
cated, full twice the length of the second joint ; bristle black,
tawny and rather thick at the base, rather more than twice the
length of the third joint; abdomen obcouical, tawny, gray at the
base, black and tapering towards the tip, much longer than the
chest ; legs tawny, clothed with short black hairs ; claws black ;
wings white, adorned near the tip with a large brown spot, which
is darkest along the foreborder, and sends forth nine rays from its
paler part; it includes two distinct white dots, and along the
border are others incomplete ; it has a tawny tinge above the
middle cross-vein, which is separated from the lower cross-vein by
very little less than the length of the latter ; both are perpendicu-
lar ; wing-ribs tawny ; veins black, tawny towards the base ;
poisers tawny.

Hal. Florida. (Mr. Doubleday.)

S. T. mexicana WIED. . (Auss. Zw. II, 511.) Fuscano grisea ;
pedibus luteis ; alis brunneis, basi guttisque maximam parteni margina-
libus limpidis. Loug. corp. 0.09.

Antenna reddish yellow ; face paler ; front of a more intense
yellowish red; mesothorax brownish-gray; abdomen more blackish-
gray, distinctly pubescent with yellow ; bases of the wing hyaline,
only with two brown streaks between the costa and the next
vein ; the remainder of the wing, about three-fourths of it, of a
saturated brown ; the anterior border with two pairs of obliquely

TRYPETIDAE. 97

elongated limpid drops ; a somewhat larger one at the tip of the
wing ; eight or nine drops on the posterior border, two of which
are larger than the others ; three drops in a longitudinal row be-
tween the third and fourth, and several larger and smaller drops
between the fourth and fifth veins; legs bright honey-yellow.
Nab, Mexico. (Berlin Museum.)

9. T. scutellata WIED. . (Auss. Zw. II, 494.) Fusca, scutello
rubido ; alls extrema basi, fasciis, punctisque binis fasciaque anteapicali
eluta fuscis. Long. corp. 0.26.

Body rather slender. Head broader than the thorax. Last
joint of antennae elongated, linear. Antennas and hypostoma
somewhat reddish yellow. Front brownish-red. Body of a shade
of brown which holds the middle between the color of chocolate
and that of cloves. Thorax with a grayish reflection. Shoulders,
scutellum and occiput somewhat pa,le reddish-yellow. Abdomen
narrow, incisions and a longitudinal line, at least beyond the middle,
somewhat whitish. Wing with two bands at the root ; the anterior
one is broader and somewhat curved, the posterior one is narrowed
and more straight, running over the usual cross-vein ; both are
entire and have the middle cross-vein between them. Before the
tip of the wing, which is white, there is a somewhat obsolete band;
before this band is a transverse streak and still more internally,
between the third and fourth vein, a brown dot. Legs brown,
femora in part reddish browu.

ffab. Mexico.

10. T. niarginepunctata MACQ. (Hist. Nat. Dipt. II, 464. 9.
Tiplcritis.*) Long. corp. 0.32.

Thorax with a grayish down ; abdomen reddish fulvous ; wings
blackish ; several white spots along the borders.
Hab. Philadelphia.

11. T. obliqiia MACQ. (Hist. Nat. Dipt. II, 464; Dipt. Exot. 11,3,
225. Tab. XXX, f. 11. Tephritis.) Long. corp. 0.23.

Yellow ; metathorax with two black spots. Wings at basis,
along the anterior border and three oblique transverse bands ; a
hyaline spot at the anterior border, brownish ferruginous.

Hab. Cuba.

98 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Note. The description has been translated literally, although it is not
very clear, and the figure, without description, given in the Dipteres Exo-
tiques, does not seem to agree with it. 0. S.

12. T. quadrifasciata MACQ. (Dipt. Exot, II, 3, 22G, 7. Tab. XXX,
f. 8. $; Tephritis.) Long. corp. 0.24.

Head, proboscis and antennas ferruginous ; antennal bristle
tomentose ; thorax brown, with a whitish down anteriorly. Abdo-
men brown, with brownish incisures ; legs testaceous ; wings
brownish fulvous with four hyaline oblique bands, reaching the
posterior border ; the third of them touches at the same time the
anterior border. The spaces between the hyaline bands are ful-
vous, margined with brown.

Hob. Georgia.

13. T. iiigriventris MACQ. 9. (Dipt. Exot. Suppl. V, 124; Uro-
p7iora.~) Testacea ; abdoniine nigro; alis fuscis, margine externoduabus
maculis, interno una macula, disco duobus punctis lirnpidis. Long,
'corp. 0.25.

Proboscis, palpi, face, front and antenna? testaceous ; thorax
testaceous ; its dorsum brownish with a slight whitish down. Ab-
domen black, shining ; legs fulvous, the last joints of the tarsi
brown; poisers yellowish-white; wings brown; two hyaline, tri-
angular spots about the middle of the anterior border ; interval
between these two spots yellow ; a similar spot on the posterior
border, nearer to the tip ; two small, oblong spots, likewise hya-
line, about the middle of the disk ; neuration normal.

Hub. Baltimore.

14. T. "beailTOisii ROB. DESV. (Myodaires, etc., p. 760. Prionella.y
Length 0.32.

Antenna? and front yellowish ; face whitish ; thorax brownish-
gray on the back, pale fulvous on the sides ; abdomen whitish,
annulated with reddish-black, with the last segment reddish ; legs
pale fulvous ; wings hyaline with four reddish-brown fascia?.

This species was contained in Palisot de Beauvois's collection,
and probably comes from the United States.

TRYPETIDAE. 99

15. T. Tillosa ROB. DESV. (Ibid. Prionella.)

This species, the antennal bristle of which is hairy, has the body,
the front, the legs and the antennas yellow ; the back of the thorax
shows interrupted, shining black lines ; two transverse whitish
lines on the abdomen, the last segment of which is black ; wings
hyaline with four flavescent fasciae.

Patria like the preceding.

16. T. asteris HARRIS. (Treatise, etc., 2d edit. p. 498, 3d edit. p. 620.)
Long. corp. 0.2.

Of a light yellowish-brown color, with paler legs ; wings broad,
rounded at the tip and clouded with brown in large spots, forming
three wide, irregular bands across them. (New England; pro-
duces swellings, as large as a walnut on the stems of the native
asters or starworts.)

APPENDIX III.

The manuscript of Mr. Loew was already prepared, when he received
from me four Trypetse not described in it. The first is a species of Say ;
the three others have been published by Mr. Loew since, in the Berliner
Entomoloyische Zeitsclirift. I reproduce here the description of T. obliqua
Say, as well as those of the other species, the latter in English translation,
as they appeared in Latin. 0. S.

17. T. obliqua SAY. ^ and 9 . (Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. VI, p.
186.) Flava, alse fasciis obliquis flavis, fusco-marginatis, abdomen
seriebus duabus punctorum nigroruin.

Yellowish, wings with oblique yellow bands, margined with brown ; abdo-
men with two series of black dots. Long. corp. 0.1 0.13.

Body pale brownish-yellow ; wings with a definite yellowish
costal border, and three very oblique bands proceeding from the
costal border ; basal band terminating on the posterior border
midway between the fifth and sixth longitudinal veins ; middle
band terminating at the tip of the fifth vein ; outer band termi-
nating at the tip of the fourth vein ; yellcw margin of the costal
border ending a little beyond the third vein ; the bands are edged
exteriorly with a black line, which is dilated into a spot at tip ;
thorax with two black dots behind ; scutel yellow, pale ; abdomen
with a series of black dots each side. The wing-bands arc parallel
and equidistant, the intervals are as broad as the bands.

100 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Hub. Indiana. (Say.) Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken, on Ver-
nonia, in August.)

Note. The above description, which, is Say's, will be sufficient for the
recognition of the species. I have modified the terminology to make it
agree with that used in this publication, and will only add that the third
longitudinal vein bears some black bristles, that both cross-veins are
oblique, that the posterior portion of the fourth vein is distinctly arcuated
at its base, and that the tip of the wing has a peculiar whitish reflection.

0. S.

18. T. allba LOEW. and $>. (Loew, Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1861,
p. 345.) Albida, alis concoloribus imrnaculatis, fronte, pleuris, scutello,
segmeritorumque abdominalium singulorum margine postico palMe sul-
phureis, facie cum antennis, pedibus et terebra obscurius flavis.

Whitish, wings whitish, without spots, front, pleurre, scutellum and the
posterior border of the abdominal segments pale sulphur-yellow ; face,
antennae, legs and borer of the J darker yellow. Long. corp. 0.13
0.17. Long. al. 0.15 0.1G.

Antennas of moderate length ; tip of the third joint round,
bristles with a very short pubescence. Eyes large, almost round;
cheeks moderate. Oral opening moderate, rounded, proboscis not
geniculated, palpi short. Scutellum flat, with four bristles. Borer
of the 9 flattened, ferruginous-yellow, longer than the three last
segments of the abdomen taken together. Wings whitish, all the
veins very pale, and, except the first longitudinal one, bare ; pos-
terior angle of the anal cell acute.

Hub. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken; taken on Vernonia novce-
boracensis, iron weed, together with the two following species,
and with T. obliqua Say; in August.)

19. T. alMdipennis LOEW. and 9 . (Loew, Berl. Entom. Zeit-
schr. 1861, p. 34.3.) Nigro-cinerea, thoracis dorso albicante, capite, tho-
racis vittft laterali scutelloque sulphureis, alarum albidarum stigmate
fusco, terebrS, fbeminje atra.

Blackish cinereous, thorax more whitish above, head, a lateral stripe on
the thorax, and the scutellum sulphur-yellow, wings whitish, stigma
fuscous, borer of 9 black. Long. corp. 0.17 0.20. Long. al. 0.18
0.19.

Antennae moderate, ferruginous-yellow, tip of the third joint
rounded, bristle almost bare. Eyes large, almost round ; cheeks
moderate; proboscis not geniculated, palpi short. Thorax dusted

TRYPETIDAE. 101

with whitish above, with a short, whitish pubescence and black
bristles; scutellum with four bristles. Abdomen with black hair.
Borer of 9 flattened, black, with black hair ; a little longer than
the three last joints of the abdomen taken together. Feet brown-
ish-black, trochanters, knees, tip of the tibiae and the tarsi yellowish
ferruginous. Wings whitish, stigma brown, all the veins, except
the first longitudinal one, bare, pale yellow on the basal part of
the wing, brown beyond it.

Hub. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken, on Vernonia, in August.)

2O. T. verilOlliae LOEW. and 9 . (Loew, Beii. Entom. Zeitscli.
1861, p. 346.) Helva, metanoto nigro, capite, thoracis vitta laterali,
superiors pleurarum parte et scutello pallidius, antennis, terebra, pedi-
busque obscurius flavis ; alarum dimidio apicali fasciis tribus fuscis
subreticulato, prinia inconipleta et obsoletiore, secunda integra, tertia
postice abbreviata.

Pale yellowish, metanotum black, head, lateral stripe of the thorax, upper
part of the pleurae and scutellum pale yellow, antennae, borer and legs
darker yellow ; apical half of the wing subreticulated with three brown
bands, the first of which incomplete and less apparent, the second entire,
the third abbreviated posteriorly. Long. corp. 0.18 0.22. Long. al.
0.170.18.

Head yellow, orbit of the eyes narrow, with a silvery reflection.
Antennae ochreous, third joint oblong, bristle almost bare. Oral
opening rather large, rounded, proboscis not geniculated, palpi
moderate. Eyes large, oblong. Thorax above clothed with a
short, whitish pubescence, and with faintly brownish bristles.
Scutellum flat, with four bristles. Metanotum black, dusted with
whitish. Abdomen yellowish luteous (ex helvo luteum), with black
hairs on the lateral margin and on the last segments ; remaining
portion with yellow hairs. Borer of 9 ochraceous, shining, some-
what flattened, equal to the three last abdominal segments taken
together, clothed with soft, blackish hair. Legs fulvescent.
Wings subhyaline, subreticulated with fuscous by means of three
irregular transverse bands and some small apical spots ; the first
band, which is much abbreviated posteriorly, starts from the infus-
cated base of the stigma and runs obliquely towards the central
transverse vein and frequently becomes obsolete, leaving, however,
a brown cloud on the transverse vein ; the second band is narrow
and straight, extending from the costa to the posterior margin ;
the third band is unequal, abbreviated posteriorly, and coalescent

102 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

with the spots on the costa. First longitudinal vein beset with
bristles, the others naked.

Hub. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken, on Vernonia, in August.)

Note. The first of the bands on the wings terminates posteriorly in a
faint brown line, running along the discal cell and parallel to the longi-
tudinal veins ; the second and third bands being more or less coalesceut,
the space between the second and the tip of the wing may be described as
brown, with five round, hyaline spots (one between the costa and the
second longitudinal vein ; the second, just below the first, between the
latter and the next vein ; the third between the same veins, but nearer to
the tip of the wing ; the fourth on the fourth longitudinal vein, just behind
the posterior transverse vein ; the fifth and largest at the tip of the wing,
between the third and fourth longitudinal veins) ; second posterior cell
hyaline, except a margin along the veins, which is clouded. The brown is
more or less intense in different specimens, and hence the hyaline spots,
especially the posterior ones, are sometimes less apparent. 0. S.

III.

ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SCIOMYZIDfl.

The family Sciomyzidce is principally based on the three genera:
Sciomyza Fall., Telanocera Dum. and Sepedon Latr., all occurring
in North America, and on the genus Thecomyia Perty.

The attempt to subdivide the second of these genera has been
made in various ways, but without success. I omit, therefore, to
mention the genera thus formed, especially on account of the
scantiness of my materials.

Sciomyza has been also subdivided into smaller genera, namely:
Graphomyza Macq., Pelidnoptera Rond., Gtenulus Rond. and
Calobaea Zett., the last of which, differing from all the other Scio-
myzidce. by its much smaller basal cells, may be considered as an
osculant genus. Some of the species placed by Meigen in Scio-
myza belong neither to that genus nor to the Sciomyzidce at all.

The characters distinguishing the Sciomyzidce from all the other
Acalyptera are as follows. The anterior frontal border more or
less prominent ; face receding, proportionately long, with the oral
border sharp ; no distinct furrows for the reception of the anten-
na? ; no vibrissa? on the oral border ; the front with two bristles,
one behind the other on each side before the lateral bristles of the
vertex; the costal vein of the wings uninterrupted, without spine,
reaching to the fourth longitudinal vein ; the auxiliary vein dis-
tinctly separated from the first longitudinal vein on its whole
length ; the two basal cells much developed, rather large, smaller
only in the osculant genus Calobaea Zett. The legs have short
hairs and very few bristles, and are of moderate length and rather
stout, but not clumsy ; all the anterior legs, especially their tibia?
and tarsi, are more developed than in the allied families ; all the
tibia? on their outside before the tips have a small, erect, more or
less distinct bristle ; the intermediate tibia? have a certain number
of stout bristles at the tip ; the fore and hind tibia? have a single
weak bristle.

104 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Synopsis of the North American genera.

J The third joint of the antennae not circular.

I The third joint of the antennse circular. SCIOMTZA Fall,

f Antennae only a little prolonged ; front not excavated ; eyes not pro-
tuberant. TETANOCEKA Dum.
2 "j Antennse much prolonged ; front excavated ; eyes protuberant.

SEPEDON Latr.

Gen. I. SCIOMYZA FALL.

Only three 1ST. A. species of this genus have been described, all
by Mr. Walker. His description of Sciom. antica is made in so
careless a manner that it is quite impossible to recognize it, and
Sciom. parallela Walk, seems to be no Sciomyza at all. 8ci.om.yza
nigripalpa Walk, is certainly not among the three species known
to me. The scantiness of my present material scarcely warrants
my undertaking to describe the N. A. species of Sciomyza, but I
will present what I have to say about them, in connection with the
Sciomyzidse generally.

There is no reason for discussing here the smaller genera sepa-
rated from the old genus Sciomyza, or to point out the subdivi-
sions to be made, since the three species known to me belong all
to the group of the typical species of Sciomyza.

Synopsis of the Species.*

l f Wings spotted. 1 nana Fall.

I Wings not spotted, the transverse veins only clouded with brown. 2
9 J The two bristles on each side of the front extant. 2 obtusa Fall.

\ The foremost of the lateral frontal bristles wanting. 3 pubera, n. sp.

1. S. il tvn a FALL. and . Cinerea, thorace vittato, alis nigro-macu-

latis.

Gray, with the thorax striped, and the wings spotted with blackish. Long,
corp. 0.10.13. Long. al. 0.110.14.

SYN. Sciomyza nana FALLEN, Sciom. 15, 12. MEIGEN, Syst. Beschr. VI, 18,
19. ZETTERSTEDT, Dipt. Scand. V, 2109, 18.

Quite agreeing with the European specimens. Ashy gray.
Front opaque yellow, with the ocellar triangle and the lateral

* The fourth species, added when the manuscript was already in press,
is not included in this synopsis. 0. S.

SCIOMYZA. 105

stripes reaching ns far as the middle of the front, yellowish-gray.
Antenna? yellowish-ferruginous, usually paler at the base, with the
blackish-brown bristle beset with a short pubescence. Face
whitish. Upper side of the thorax with four brown longitudinal
lines, the two intermediate ones approximated and confluent with
their hind ends, the two lateral ones narrower and less complete.
Scutellum with a broad brown middle stripe. Pleura? brown, in
the middle with a broad longitudinal stripe pollinose with yellow-
ish, and a similar, but more indistinct longitudinal stripe more
underneath. Abdomen brownish-gray, pollinose with paler on the
lateral border, the posterior corners of the segments being whitish.
Forelegs black, with the coxa? and the last joint of the tarsi whitish,
and the extremity of the knees brownish-yellow. Middle and hind
legs brownish-yellow, with the tips and upper side of the hind
femora brownish black ; tips of the middle and hind tibia? black,
the last joints of the middle and hind tarsi brownish. The dark
color is sometimes more, sometimes less extended on the posterior
legs than is described here. Wings hyaline, slightly grayish ; the
costal border is margined with blackish, from the tip of the first
as far as the tip of the second longitudinal vein ; from the end of
this margin a blackish transverse band runs as far as the fourth
longitudinal vein ; between it and the small transverse vein there
are two small blackish spots ; the small transverse vein is clouded
with blackish ; the posterior transverse vein is a little curved and
marked with a larger blackish spot at its anterior end, and a smaller
at its posterior end, both of which but rarely coalesce so as to form
a complete margin.

Hal. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. S. olitusa FALL. . Fusco-cinerea, antennarum seta plumata,
venis alarum transversis fusco-liinbatis.

Grayish-brown, the antennal bristle plumose, the transverse veins clouded
with blackish-brown. Long. corp. 0.22. Long. al. 0.22.

SYN. Sciomyza obtusa FALLEN, Sciom. 13, 4, var. a. MEIGEN, Syst. Beschr.
VI, 12, 6. ZETTERSTEDT, Dipt. Scand. V, 2099, 10.

I see no difference between the single N. A. individual I possess
and that European species which is generally considered as the
true Sciomyza obtusa Fall. But to prevent misunderstandings I
must observe that there exists another species hitherto undescribed,
differing from Sciom. obtusa Fall, by its antennas having a shorter

106 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

pectinated bristle, but otherwise resembling that species so much
that it is commonly confounded with it. Grayish-brown. Front
opaque yellow near its anterior border, remainder yellowish-ferru-
ginous ; the ocellar triangle and the lateral stripes reaching
beyond the middle of the front are yellowish-gray. Antennae
yellowish-ferruginous, with the bristle dark brown, yellowish-
brown at the base, and having black hairs of moderate length.
Face yellow. Upper side of the thorax, with the exception of
the lateral borders, more brownish than gray, with darker brown
longitudinal lines, the two intermediate ones being darker and more
distinct, the lateral ones doubled behind the suture. Scutellum
flat, yellowish-brown, pollinose with grayish-yellow. Pleurae dark
brown, with a broad, more chestnut brown lougitudinal stripe
running from the shoulder to the base of the wing, and having
underneath a hardly distinct longitudinal stripe formed by paler
pollen. Legs rather dark brown, especially the anterior ones.
Tips of the fore and hind tibiae black ; tarsi blackish towards the
end. Wings grayish-brown, clouded with rather smoky brown
near the costal border ; transverse veins clouded with blackish-
brown ; the posterior transverse vein is slightly oblique and
straight.

Hab. Illinois. (Kennicott.)

it

3. S. pilliera, LOEW. ^ Fusco-cinerea, seta antennarurn breviter
plumata, metatarso antico albo, veuis alarum trans versis fusco-limbatis.

Grayish-brown, the antennal bristle brevi-plumose, the first joint of the
anterior tarsi whitish, and the transverse veins clouded with blackish-
brown. Long. corp. 0.21. Long. al. 0.21.

Front opaque, sordid yellow near the anterior border, remainder
more yellowish-ferruginous, with the ocellar triangle and the late-
ral stripes brownish-gray, the latter reaching to the middle of the
front, the foremost bristle wanting. Antennae ferruginous, bristle
brown, with a short pubescence. Face pollinose with white.
Upper side of the thorax grayish-brown, with but little distinct
darker brown longitudinal lines. Scutellum flat, a little paler
than the upper side of the thorax. Pleurae rather dark fyrown,
pollinose with whitish, without distinct longitudinal stripes.
Ground color of the abdomen almost brownish-black ; on each
segment there is a large triangular, not pollinose, spot, its tip
reaching as far as the hind border of the segment, the remainder

TETANOCERA. 107

of the segment is covered with whitish pollen, which is much more
dense on the hind border, and makes it appear quite pale, whereas
on each side, near the lateral border, there is a vestige of a less
pollinose, dark spot. The exterior genitals of the male are yellow-
ish-brown. Legs almost blackish-brown, the intermediate ones,
as well as all knees, part of the hind femora, ami a great part of
the hind tibias, more yellow; anterior coxa3 yellowish, with a
whitish reflection ; first joint of the fore tarsi whitish ; the follow-
ing four black ; the intermediate tarsi have a rather pale brownish-
yellow ground color, rendered much darker by their short black
hairs, their two last joints appearing brownish on the upper side ;
the hind tarsi are like the intermediate ones, but have the three
last joints blackish. Wings grayish-hyaline, with the transverse
veins margined with blackish, the posterior transverse vein straight
and quite perpendicular. Besides the want of the foremost lateral
bristle on the front, this species is distinguished from the other
species of Sciomyza by its abdomen having the black hairs denser,
longer, and finer than those.

Rob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. S. llictifera LOEW. ^ . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr.
1861, p. 345, by Bar. 0. Sacken.) Nigra, thorace cinereo, facie alba,
antennis et fronte fulvis, coxis anticis albis, pedibus nigris, tarsis poste-
rioribus sordide albis, alis nigrieantibus, margine costali nigro-liiubato.

Black, tborax cinereous, face white, antennae and front fulvous, fore coxae
white, feet black, posterior tarsi of a dirty whitish, wings tinged with
blackish, costal border margined with black. Long. corp. 0.13. Long,
al. 0.1.

Small, black. Face, cheeks, and the inferior part of the occi-
put, white. Antenna and front fulvous, lateral stripes of the
latter abbreviated anteriorly ; ocellar triangle and the upper part
of the occiput cinereous. Thorax dark cinereous, with black
hair. Fore legs black, their coxaa white, with a silvery reflection;
posterior feet black, trochanters and tarsi dirty whitish, their apex
black. Wings of moderate size, tinged with blackish, with a
rather broad black margin near the costa.

Hob. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken.)

Note. In younger specimens, the black color of the intermediate pair
of feet is more or less brownish.

108 D1PTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

Gen. II. TETAWOCERA DUM.

Among the recorded N. A. species of Tetanocera, Tet. boscii
has been characterized so insufficiently by Rob. Desvoidy, that
there is no possibility of identifying it. Tet. canadensis, described
by Macquart, is also unknown to me. Tet. guttularis Wied. is
mentioned by Macqnart as-a native of North America ; but I must
consider this statement as a mistake, since the characters he gives
do not agree with the description of Tet. guttularis Wied. ; but
what, species he has taken for Tet. guttularis has not as yet been
made out. As to the other described species, the following paper
will give all the necessary information :

Synopsis of the Species.*
-j _[ Wings reticulated. 2

I Wings not reticulated. 11

2 f Bristle of the antennae plumose with black. 3

I Bristle of the antennae plumose with white. 6

Q f Front with three shining stripes. 4

I Front without shining stripes. 5

i Posterior transverse vein oblique and curved. 1 clara, n. sp.

Posterior transverse vein almost perpendicular and straight.
2 valida, n. sp.

5 I Femora spotted. 3 pictipes Loeic.

\ Femora quite unspotted. 4 pallida Loeiv.

P f Thorax without stripes. 7

( Thorax with stripes. 8

Femora entirely yellow. 5 flavescens Loew.

Femora very brownish at the base. 6 arcuata Loew.

f The brown margin of the costal border of the wings interrupted by clear
8 ! spots. 9

I Costal border of the wings with an uninterrupted brown margin. ' 10

!The reticulation of the wings shows double bands consisting of spots
arranged by pairs. 7 combinata Loew.

The reticulation forms no double bands at all. 8 sparsa, n. sp.

10 f Posterior transverse vein straight. 9 costalis, n. sp.
<- Posterior transverse vein much curved. 10 saratogensis Fitch.
f Posterior transverse vein curved and rather steep. 11 plebeja, n. sp.

11 -j Posterior transverse vein curved in the shape of an S, and very ob-

lique. 12 plumosa Loew.

* The two species (Nos. 13 and 14), added when the manuscript was
already in press, are not included in this synopsis. 0. S.

TETANOCERA. 100

1. T. clara LOEW. 9- Seta anteimarum nigro-plumosa ; vittse in
fronte Isevigatse tres ; alse parce et grosse reticulatse, vena transversa pos-
teriore obliqua.

Bristle of the antennae plumose with black, front with three shining stripes,
reticulation of the wings sparse and coarse, posterior transverse vein
oblique. Long. corp. 0.32. Long. al. 0.32.

A beautiful large species. Pale yellow. Face white, not much
receding. Palpi and proboscis whitish-yellow. Front rather dark
ochreotis, with three very shining longitudinal stripes ; the middle
one distinctly widened towards its anterior end, the lateral ones
near the borders of the eyes and reaching only very little beyond
the foremost frontal bristle, hence not much transgressing the
middle of the front. Antenna? ochreous, the two first joints short,
beset with black hair, the third a little longer than the two first
taken together, moderately broad and only moderately pointed ;
the black bristle with dense, very long, black hairs. Neither the
lateral borders of the front, nor the yellow occiput have black
spots. Thorax yellowish, with two brownish middle stripes sepa-
rated by a broad line, and on each side with a more indistinct and
less complete lateral stripe. Scutellura with brownish middle and
yellowish borders. Pleura whitish-yellow, with a narrow brown
longitudinal stripe on their superior border. Abdomen without
distinct markings. Legs whitish-yellow, the end of the tarsi only
a little blackish ; posterior femora with a short, not very -close
pubescence on their under side, and only one or two longer black
bristles on the second third. Wings large and rather broad, some-
what tinged with tawny ; the whole stigma and the broad clouds
of the small and of the posterior transverse veins brownish-black;
also the tip of the wing margined with brownish-black ; before the
second longitudinal vein there are some small, rather indistinct,
brownish-black spots, and about four or six larger and darker
transverse spots between the second and third longitudinal veins,
running from vein to vein, the last of which are most distinct, and
include small rudiments of veins rising from the second longitudinal
vein ; between the third and fourth longitudinal veins there are,
beyond the small transverse vein, two or three brownish-black
transverse streaks running from vein to vein; on the posterior
side of the fourth longitudinal vein there are only two very small
brownish-black spots, one before, the other behind the small
transverse vein, which, I suppose, are not always present. The

110 DIPTERA Or NORTH AMERICA.

remainder of the wings is unspotted. The posterior transverse
vein is oblique and moderately curved.

Hob. Trenton Falls, JX". Y. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. T. valitla LOEW. 9 Seta, antennarum iiigro-plumosa ; vittre fron-
tales tres Irevigatae ; aL-e parce et grosse reticulatfe, vena transversa poste-
riore perpendiculari.

Bristle of the antennae plumose with black, front with three shining stripes,
reticulation of the wings sparse and coarse ; posterior.transverse vein
almost perpendicular. Long. corp. 0.29. Long. al. 0.29.

Pale yellow. Face yellowish-white, only moderately receding ;
palpi and proboscis whitish-yellow. Front orange-yellow, with
three very bright longitudinal stripes; the middle stripe not dis-
tinctly widened towards its anterior end, the lateral ones reaching
a little beyond the foremost frontal bristle, which is inserted rather
lower than in the preceding species, so that the lateral stripes
reach a little nearer to the anterior border of the front. Antennas
ochreous, having the two first joints short, with black hairs ; the
third a little longer than the two first taken together, moderately
broad and only a little pointed ; the bristle of the antenna? with
dense, very long, black hairs. There are no black spots on the
lateral border of the front, nor on the yellow occiput. Thorax
yellowish, with indistinct brownish longitudinal stripes. Pleura?
whitish-yellow, with a narrow brown longitudinal stripe on their
superior border. Abdomen without distinct markings. Legs
whitish-yellow, with the tips of the tarsi a little blackish ; poste-
rior femora with short, not very dense hairs on the under side and
only two longer bristles on the second third. Wings proportion-
ately a little smaller than in the foregoing species, somewhat tinged
with tawny. The stigma, smaller than in the foregoing species, is
brownish-black ; the transverse veins and the tip of the wings are
clouded with brownish-black ; before the second longitudinal vein
there are six or eight small but distinct brownish-black spots; be-
tween the second and third longitudinal veins there are four or five
darker ones running from vein to vein, the last of which are more dis-
tinct; between the third and fourth longitudinal veins there are, be-
hind the small transverse vein, four or five brownish-black transverse
streaks ; at the posterior side of the fourth longitudinal vein there
are two rather large brownish-black spots, one before, the other,
larger one behind the posterior transverse vein ; on the anterior

TETANOCERA. Ill

and posterior sides of the fifth longitudinal vein there are some
small brownish-black alternating spots ; the remainder of the wing
is unspotted; the posterior transverse vein straight and rather
perpendicular.

Observation. Although this species is very similar to the fore-
going, and I have only a single individual before me, its specific
distinctness seems to be beyond doubt. The straight and rather
steep posterior transverse vein, the lateral frontal stripes reaching
farther forwards and the middle frontal stripe not being dilated
anteriorly afford the best characters for distinguishing Tet. valida
from Tet. clara.

3. T. pictipes LOEW. ^ and . Seta antennarum nigro-plumosa ;
vittffi frontales Isevigatse nullse ; ala? confertim guttato-reticulatse ; femora
maculata.

Bristle of the antennae plumose with black, front without shining stripes ;
wings densely reticulated with confluent fuscous spots and limpid drops,
femora spotted. Long. corp. 0.210.26. Long. al. 0.230.26.

SYN. Tctanoccra pictipes LOEW, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 292.

Front almost more pale brownish than yellow, opaque, beset, on
its anterior part, with sparse short black hair, rising from hardly
visible dark dots ; hardly a trace of an excavated middle stripe ;
all that gloss which other species possess is totally wanting, and
only a fine whitish dusted longitudinal line is visible. Each side
of the front near the border of the eye a brownish-black dot, and
more forwards between the antenna? and the anterior corner of the
eye another small brown or blackish-brown spot. The face is
silvery white, and recedes only moderately; its middle is marked
with a very small black spot ; on the cheeks there is a brown or
blackish-brown longitudinal streak. The first and second joints of
the antennae are yellowish-brown ; the third is more yellowish-fer-
ruginous, scarcely longer than the second, not much pointed, its
upper side being distinctly excised; the black bristle has a brown-
ish-yellow base, and a scanty, rather long black pubescence ; some
individuals differ by the color of the antennae being quite ferrugi-
nous brown. The upperside of the thorax is quite opaque, brown-
ish cinereous, closely covered with small dark brown dots, which
coalesce to larger spots, forming four rows, and having a rather
variable size. Scutellum gray, in the middle brown, with small
dark brown dots, on the borders with four black dots bearing
the ordinary bristles, the hindmost of which are far longer than

112 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the others. The ground color of the abdomen is more blackish
than that of the thorax, the posterior and the lateral borders of
the segments being usually more brown ; besides, the abdomen
is covered with a rather light dust and beset with small brown dots
coalescing near the lateral border into a row of obsolete spots,
and in the middle of each segment into a longitudinal spot, so that
a dark middle stripe, interrupted by the incisions, is formed. The
sixth segment, being clavate in the male, has a large blackish-
brown spot on each side, leaving in the middle a grayish or whitish
mark, resembling, as it were, a cup. The ground color of the
femora is little visible, being covered with light dust and speckled
with black dots ; immediately before the tip they are surrounded
with an almost black more or less visible ring, and an almost con-
colorous spot before this ring on the under side. The tibite are
yellowish-brown, with the tips blackish- the tarsi have the same
color as the tibiae, but are generally a little paler; usually the ante-
rior ones have the three last joints, and sometimes a great part of
the first, blackened, whereas in the remaining tarsi only the two
last joints, or even the last alone, is blackish. The wings are more
guttated than reticulated ; the color of the posterior part is more
gray; immediately along the longitudinal veins, and in the neigh-
borhood of the costa, it is much darker and almost brown. The
largest drops, the color of which is almost white, are scattered
over the posterior part of the wing ; on the anterior part they are
placed near the longitudinal veins ; on the costa, between the tips
of the first and second longitudinal veins, there are only three
small clear quadrangular spots.

Hal). Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. A series of specimens enables me to compare this
species with the closely allied European Tet. umlrarum Linn. The
resemblance of both is so great that I cannot but suspect that they
are identical. ]S T o difference of structure existing between them,
the larger size and browner color of Tet. pictipes alone afford a
constant distinguishing character. Future observations will per-
haps enable us to decide whether Tet. pictipes is merely a climatic
variety of Tet. nmbrarum or a different species.

Note. I possess .a specimen from Great Slave Lake, H. B. T., and
have seen another from Maine, both perfectly agreeing in size and color
with the European specimens. Is this fact to be considered as a proof of
the identity or of the diversity of T. pictipes and T. umbrarum? The
answer to this question appears to me far from certain. 0. S.

TETANOCERA. 113

4. T. pallida LOEW. ^ and 9 . Seta antennarum iiigro-plumata ;
vittre frontales Isevigatse nulhe ; alje confertim guttato-reticulatre ; fe-
mora iiumaculata.

Bristle of the antennae plumose with Mack, front without shining stripes,
wings rather densely reticulated with dark spots and limpid drops,
femora quite unspotted. Long. corp. 0.29. Long. al. 0.27.

SYN. Tetanocera pallida LOEW, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 294.

Yellowish-brown, opaque. Front more yellow, opaque, without
black spot near the orbit, the excavated middle stripe very narrow,
not glossy ; between the antennae and the anterior corner of the
eyes there is a small brown spot. Face white, considerably reced-
ing, excavated in its middle more than in most other species. An-
tenna? yellow with the third joint hardly as long as the second, its
superior edge not distinctly excised, and its end very little pointed ;
the antennal bristle blackish, with the base only yellow, and the
blackish hairs rather long, but not very close. Upper side of the
thorax not punctured, with four complete brown longitudinal
stripes, and on its posterior half immediately beside the lateral
stripe, a fine, less distinct, brown, longitudinal line. Scutellum
with a brown middle stripe. Pleurae with a broad brown longitu-
dinal stripe at the superior border, the remainder being everywhere
whitish hoary. Abdomen unicolorous, with a blackish middle line,
and on each side a brown linear stripe, all of them interrupted at
the incisions. Legs yellowish, with the tips of the tarsi a little
blackish. Wings somewhat yellowish towards the base with the
reticulation moderately close and rather guttated, darker brownish-
black at the costal and apical border; before the second longitudi-
nal vein there are about six small clear dots, which do not reach
the costal border itself; the small transverse vein is some distance
before the middle of the discal cell, and the posterior transverse
vein is very distinctly curved.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

5. T. flavescens LOEW. . Seta antennarum albo-plumosa ; thorax
punctulatus; alje confertim guttato-reticulatte ; femora tota pallide fla-
vescentia.

Bristle of the antennse plumose with white, thorax punctured, wings densely
8

114 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

reticulated with dark spots and limpid drops, femora quite yellowish.
Long. corp. 0.33. Long. al. 0.26.

SYS. Tetanocera flavescens LOEW, Stett. Ent. Zeit. VIII, 123. LOEW, Wien.
But. Monatsch. Ill, 291.

Pale yellowish-brown, somewhat shaded into testaceous. Face
white, rather considerably receding beneath. Antennae yellow ;
the third joint, when viewed sideways, nearly as long as the broad
second joint, not distinctly excised on its upper side, little pointed;
the antenna! bristle yellowish with close, white plumation of mode-
rate length. Front yellow, opaque, with the excavated, polished
middle stripe distinctly tapering anteriorly ; on each side of the
orbit there is an oblong oval black spot of rather considerable size
and another more anteriorly, between the antenna? and the anterior
corner of the eyes. Upper side of the thorax marked with close
small brown dots and besides with four rather incomplete rows of
small dark brown spots far distant from each other. Scutellum
rather convex, glossy, almost blackish-brown, a little dusted with
whitish near the base, and having a terminal dot formed of whitish
dust. Pleura? with a conspicuous, parallel, brownish-red longitu-
dinal stripe at the superior border, below which they appear paler
from their whitish dust. Abdomen with a dark middle line and
near each lateral border a broad, brown one, all of them inter-
rupted at the incisions ; the fourth and fifth segments bear each a
glossy yellowish-brown- spot more distant from the border than the
lateral lines. Legs brownish-yellow with the tips of the tibia? and
the whole of the tarsi appearing darker in consequence of the
greater density of the black hair, whereas in reality the two last
joints only of the anterior and posterior tarsi are blackened ; the
under side of the posterior femora is beset with very numerous
short and many longer black bristles. Wings rather broad and
obtuse, with the whole surface coarsely and rather uniformly reti-
culated, so that there are no fascia? ; some larger brown spots on
the costal border, but no clearer spots on the apical border ; the
small transverse vein is very far from the discal cell, and the pos-
terior transverse vein is only little curved and rather steep.

Hab. Carolina. (Zimmerman.)

Observation. When naming this species I overlooked the fact
that Rob. Desvoidy already has a Tet. flavescens. Consequently I
should have altered the name, had I not before me a larger number
of specimens of Tet. arcuata proving that this species is rather vari-

TETANOCERA. 115

able, and that therefore its distinctness from Tet. flavescens is not
quite certain. Should the identity of both species be proved, the
name of "fawescens" as being preoccupied must be dropped, and
that of Tet. arcuata adopted for the species ; should, however,
future observations prove their distinctness, it will then be time
enough to choose another name for Tet. flavescens.

6. T. arcuata LOEW. and 9 Seta antennarum albo-plumosa ;
thorax punctulatus ; alse confertim guttato-reticulatse ; femorae antica
basim versus fusca.

Bristle of the antennre plumose with white ; thorax punctured, wings
densely reticulated with dark spots and limpid drops ; anterior femora
brown towards the base. Long. corp. 0.18 0.3. Long. al. 0.2 0.23.

SYN. Tetanoccra arcuata LOEW, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 292.

So similar to the foregoing that it is very easy to confound
them, and after the detailed description which I have given of Tet.
flavescens, it will be quite sufficient to point out the characters by
which Tet. arcuata. differs from it. It is always a little smaller,
sometimes much smaller than Tet. flavescens ; its second antennal
joint, too, seems to be comparatively smaller and narrower, and the
small brown spots on the upper side of the thorax beside the small
dots, are distinctly smaller. The anterior femora are to a consider-
able extent brown at the base ; their tips as well as the base of
the posterior femora are not seldom very brownish ; the anterior
tibia? are blackened to a certain extent, and the posterior tibias
have this color at their very tips ; the three last joints of the anterior
tarsi are blackish.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. The more specimens of Tet. arcuata I was able
to examine, the more it appeared doubtful to me whether Tet. fla-
vescens ought not to be taken merely for an exceedingly large and
pale variety of Tet. arcuata. The only difference existing in the
structure is, as it seems, the somewhat smaller breadth of the second
joint of the antenute in Tet. arcuata; this is a very trifling one,
and perhaps only a character belonging to smaller specimens.
The narrow arcuated band running over the posterior transverse
vein of the wings, by which the first specimen which I received
was distinguished, was either more indistinct or quite wanting in
the specimens sent to me afterwards.

116 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

"7. T. comliiiiaf a LOEW. . Seta antennarum albo-plumosa ; thorax
vittatus ; alse maculato-reticulatse, maculis fascias duplicatas efficienti-
bus, limbo marginis antici obscuro nullo.

Bristle of the antennae plumose with white, thorax striped, wings reticu-
lated with dark spots forming double bands, costal border without dark
margin. Long. corp. 0.26. Long. al. 0.22.

SYN. Tetanocera combinata LOEW, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 295.

Reddish-brown, more acorn-colored on the abdomen. Front dark
yellow with the middle stripe broad, impressed, polished, narrowed
anteriorly, a small black dot being on each side near the orbit,
and a second more anteriorly between the antennae and anterior
corner of the eye. The face white, not much receding, rather ex-
cavated in the middle. Antenna? yellow, third joint short, with
the upper edge margined with blackish and not distinctly excised ;
the antenual bristle yellowish at the base, with a white plumation
of moderate length. Upper side of the thorax almost brownish-
ferruginous, with broad lateral borders dusted with whitish ; the two
longitudinal stripes in the middle are blackish and covered with
dense white dust. The scutellum is of the same color as the upper
side of the thorax, and has the sides dusted with whitish. The
pleura? too resemble the upper side of the thorax in their color,
appearing however, with the exception of a longitudinal stripe on
their superior part, of a paler shade, on account of their whitish dust.
Immediately before the poisers there is a very conspicuous, rounded,
brownish-black spot. The abdomen is more acorn-colored ; it has
a black middle stripe not sharply bordered and interrupted at the
incisions, and a rather broad, polished, brownish-red stripe at
some distance from each lateral border. Legs brownish-yellow,
the tibia? a little darker than the femora ; the tarsi blackish towards
their tip. Wings rather yellowish, having the reticulation formed
by narrow, gray stripes in the middle of the intervals and by
brown spots reaching from the longitudinal veins as far as these
stripes; the brown spots are arranged so as to form distinct double
bands running across the wing ; the last of these bands is at the
very tip of the wing, the penultimate runs between it and the pos-
terior transverse vein ; the antepenultimate runs over the posterior
transverse vein itself; there is besides, anteriorly, the beginning of
a double band before the penultimate band ; the small transverse

TETANOCERA. 117

vein is a little before the middle of the cliscal cell ; the posterior
transverse vein is a little curved and rather steep.
Hub. Middle States. (Osteu-Sacken.)

8. T. sparsa LOEW. and 9 Seta antennarum albo-plumosa ;
thorax vittatus ; alse maculato-reticulatse, fasciis duplicatis nullis, limbo
marginis antici obscuro nullo.

Bristle of the antennae plumose with white, thorax striped, wings reticu-
lated with dark spots forming no double bands, costal border without
dark margin. Long. corp. 0.24. Long. al. 0.22.

Yellowish-brown, opaque. Front dark yellow, with the middle
stripe broad, impressed, polished, not narrowed anteriorly ; a small
black clot is on each side in the neighborhood of the orbit, and a
second is more anteriorly between the antennae and the anterior
corner of the eye. Face white, not much receding, rather exca-
vated in the middle. Antennae yellow ; the third joint nearly as
long as the second, a little excised on the upper side, rather pointed ;
the bristle of the antennae with the base yellow, its pubescence
whitish. Upper side of the thorax with two brown middle stripes
connected posteriorly and separated anteriorly, and not reaching
the anterior border of the thorax; two broader lateral stripes are
of the same color, but not so distinct. The scutellum also is of
the colour of the thorax, but dusted with whitish on the sides.
Pleurae paler than the upper side of the thorax, having, towards
their superior border, a brownish-red longitudinal stripe continued
as far as below the poisers. The abdomen has a very indistinct,
dark middle line interrupted at the incisions ; on each side, at a
distance from the lateral border, a brighter stripe not differing
sensibly in color from the general color of the abdomen. Legs
pale yellowish; tibiae not darker than the femora; tarsi blackish
towards their tips. Wings only little yellowish; the reticulation
is formed by very narrow, gray stripes running in the middle of
the intervals, and by brown spots reaching from the longitudinal
veins as far as the stripes; the brown spots are arranged so as to
form no double bands, showing only the anterior indistinct begin-
nings of some narrow simple bands, the number of which is three,
besides the narrow margin of the tip of the wing. The small trans-
verse vein is a little before the middle of the discal cell ; the pos-
terior transverse vein is only very little curved and rather steep.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

118 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Observation. Tet. sparsa differs too much from Tet. combinat'a
in the markings of the wings to be considered as identical with it.
I have, however, to remind, that they agree much more in their struc-
ture than is usual in nearly-related species of this genus, and that
my opinion, formed on very scanty materials (1 9 of Tet. combi-
nata, 1 and 1 9 of Tet. sparsa), cannot but have a very second-
ary weight. Nor will the difference in the markings of the thorax,
however striking they may seem, solve the question, since, in some-
what immature specimens, they always appear inconstant, and are
often variable even in quite mature ones.

9. T. COStalis LOEW. , . Seta antermaram albo-plumosa ; thorax
vittatus ; alae grosse inaculato-reticulatse, margine antico auguste nigro-
limbato, vena transversa posteriore perpendicular!, recta.

Bristle of the antennse plumose with white, thorax striped, wings reticu-
lated with coarse dark spots and the costal border having a narrow black
margin, posterior transverse vein perpendicular and straight. Long,
corp. 0.17. Long. al. 0.17.

Yellowish-brown, somewhat tinged with reddish, opaque. Front
yellow, with the middle stripe broad, excavated, and polished, not
tapering anteriorly ; on each side near the orbit there is a small
black dot, and more anteriorly a second larger one between the
antennse and the anterior corner of the eye. Antennse yellow, with
the third joint a little longer than the second, but little excised on
the upper side, not much pointed. Antennal bristle with the base
only yellow and covered with a close white pubescence. Face white,
rather considerably receding. Upper side of the thorax dusted
with whitish on the lateral borders; in the middle, there are two
complete longitudinal stripes, formed of whitish dust and bordered
with brownish streaks, which are not quite distinct and interrupted
in the middle of the thorax. Superior part of the pleurse with a
brownish-red longitudinal stripe continued to beneath the poisers.
Scutellum yellowish. Abdomen unicolorous, having no trace of
darker stripes in the described specimen. Legs whitish-yellow,
not distinctly blackened at the end of the tarsi; under side of the
posterior femora with small short bristles. Surface of the wings
a little yellowish, with the stigma and a margin of the costal border
black ; this margin runs from the stigma as far as the fourth longi-
tudinal vein, being very narrow as far as the tip of the second
longitudinal vein, and then broader; there are about six or seven

TETANOCERA. 119

small clear spots on the anterior side of the second longitudinal
vein ; the remainder of the coarse reticulation is little connected,
and formed of rather sparse small blackish spots; the small trans-
verse vein is a little before the middle of the discal cell ; the pos-
terior transverse vein is distinguished by its being perfectly straight
and perpendicular.

ffabt Illinois. (Ostcu-Sacken.)

1O. T. saratogensis FITCH. and 9 . Seta antennaruni albo-plu-
mata ; thorax vittatus ; alse confertim striato-reticnlatae inargine antico
late fusco-limbato, vena transversa posteriore flexuosa.

Bristle of the anteunse plumose with white, thorax striped, wings striped
with gray and reticulated with darker dots, costal border having a broad,
blackish-brown margin, posterior transverse vein undulating. Long,
corp. 0.20.22. Long. al. 0.180.20.

SYN. Tetanocera saratogensis FITCH, Report I, 68. LOEW, Wien. Ent. Mo-
natsch. Ill, 296.

This species, which is readily distinguished from all the N". A.
species known to nie by the costal border of its wings having a
broad blackish- brown margin reaching as far as the second longitu-
dinal vein, has been accurately described by Dr. A. Fitch in>the
above quoted place. It strikingly resembles the European Tet.
pratorum Fall. After examining a great number of specimens of
the two species, I found it impossible to discover any constant differ-
ence in their structure; but the brownish-black color of the costal
border of the wings as well as the spots along the longitudinal
veins in all the N. A. specimens reach farther towards the base of
the wing than is the case in any European one, besides, in the
former, the color of the club-like male genitals is very dark, whereas
in the latter it is much lighter and almost yellowish. Whether
the two hoary stripes of the thorax really are more distant in Tet.
saratogensis, as they seem to be, I dare not pronounce with cer-
tainty, since some specimens from Northern Europe approach in
this respect the American ones. Moreover the space between
those stripes in N. A. specimens as well as in European ones, is
sometimes altogether yellow, sometimes bordered with distinct
brown longitudinal lines, sometimes entirely browf.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Mr. Loew referring to Dr. Fitch's description, without giving one of his
own, I reproduce the former here. 0. S.

120 DIPTER A OP NORTH AMERICA.

The head above is golden yellow with two small rusty stripes on its fore
part, a black spot at base and dot each side anteriorly, almost in contact
with the eye, and a second one, also black, on the anterior margin, between
the eye and the antennae. Face silvery white. Antennae light yellow,
second joint longer than broad, with fine short black bristles along its
upper and under edge ; third joint tinged with brown, narrow and curved,
its upper side being concave, its lower side convex, and nearly parallel
with the upper side, but slightly narrowed towards the apex, which is
rounded ; seta yellowish white, plumose. Thorax pale dull yellow, with
a faint darker stripe each side of the middle, which stripes have an ash
gray reflection when viewed from the front ; clothed with a short black
beard and a few long black bristles. Scutel ash gray with two nearly
erect black bristles each side. Poisers yellowish white. Abdomen dusky,
clothed with a short black beard, hind edges of the segments pale dull
yellow. Legs pale yellow, with a fine black beard, and the spine-like
bristles at the end of the shanks^black. Wings iridescent, smoky brown
on the outer and apical margins, hyaline towards the axilla, the space
between divided into niimerous square hyaline spots by dusky longitudi-
nal stripes, one stripe being placed in the middle of each cell and sending
short transverse branches to the veins at regular intervals ; veins and
veinlets black.

11. T. pletoeja LOEW. , and . Seta antennarmn nigro-plumosa ;
alee noil reticulatse, vena transversa posteriore modice arcuata, subper-
pendiculari.

Bristle of the autennse plumose with black, wings not reticulated, with
the posterior transverse vein moderately arcuated and nearly perpendi-
cular. Long. corp. 0.28 0.29. Long. al. 0.3.

Yery allied and similar to the following species, but certainly
different. Acorn-colored. Front yellow ; the usual black spot
near the orbit totally wanting. The excavated polished middle
stripe of the front is not enlarged anteriorly ; the polished lateral
stripes are very broad and glossy, yet do not extend far beyond
the middle of the front. Antennas dark yellow, the third joint a
little longer than the second, rather distinctly excised on its upper
side ; antennal bristle black with long and very close black hairs.
Face considerably retreating, yellowish with white reflection. Upper
side of the thorax, scutellum and pleurte quite as in the following
species. Abdomen brownish-yellow without darker middle line
nor lateral strips in the pair I have before me ; but in well colored
specimens they may exist. Legs as in Tet. plumosa. Wings
brownish-yellow margined with blackish-brown on the whole of
the costal border, beginning at the base of the stigma and being

TETANOCERA. 121

extended at the apex to a little beyond the tip of the fourth longi-
tudinal vein ; there are besides grayish stripes between the longi-
tudinal veins; the transverse veins are margined with dark brown-
ish-black ; the small transverse vein is in the middle of the discal
cell ; the posterior transverse vein is distinctly curved, but not in.
the shape of an S, and has a rather steep position.

Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation 1. This species is very similar to the European Tel.
elata Fabr., but differs by its posterior transverse vein, which,
although more arcuated, has a steeper position, by its antennae
being a little broader and the black hair of its antennal bristle
being much closer.

Observation 2. From Tet. plumosa this species not only differs
by the form and situation of the posterior transverse vein, but
particularly by the considerable breadth of the polished lateral
stripes of the front, which in Tetanocera plumosa are exceedingly
narrow.

12. T. plumosa LOEW. % and . Seta antennarum nigro-plumosa ;
alse non reticulatse, vena transversa posteriore biflexa et valde obliqua.

Bristle of the antennae plumose with black, wings not reticulated, with,
the posterior transverse vein biarcuated and very oblique. Long. corp.
0.310.39. Long. al. 0.280.35.

SYN. Tetanocera vicina MACQUART, Dipt. exot. II, 3, 180, Tab. XXIV, fig. 7.
Tetanocera plumosa LOEW, Stett. Ent. Zeit. VIII, 201. LOEW, Wien.

Ent. Zeit. Ill, 296.
Tetanocera struthio WALKER, List of Dipt. IV, 1086.

A species of the relationship of Tet. arrogans, elata, etc.
Acorn-colored. Front yellow, with a small brown dot instead of
the ordinary lateral black spots on each orbit ; the excavated pol-
ished middle stripe of the front being of middle breadth, and but
little enlarged anteriorly; the polished lateral stripes very narrow
and obsolete. Antennas dark yellow ; the third joint as long as the
second, rather distinctly excised on its upper side ; antennal bristle
black with long and very close black hairs. Face rather* receding,
yellowish with white reflection. Upper side of the thorax with the
lateral border broad, dusted with white and the three central longi-
tudinal stripes likewise covered with whitish dust and leaving be-
tween them two complete narrow reddish-ferruginous stripes which
unite on the hind border of the thorax and run over the scutellum.

122 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Pleurae with a narrow ferruginous longitudinal stripe on the supe-
rior border. Abdomen acorn-colored, with a darker middle stripe
interrupted at the incisions. Legs brownish-yellow, tibias usually
a little darker than the femora, tarsi blackened towards the tips.
Wings brownish-yellow, margined with blackish-brown on the
whole of the costal border, beginning from the base of the stigma
and ending a little beyond the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein ;
moreover, there are usually dark gray stripes between the longitu-
dinal veins ; the transverse veins are margined with dark brownish-
black ; the small transverse vein is placed a little before the middle
of the discal cell ; the posterior transverse vein is very arcuated in
the shape of an S, and has a very oblique position ; in most spe-
cimens the fourth longitudinal vein has some small stumps, most
of which are emitted from its inner side, each being inclosed in a
dot-like brownish black cloud. Such specimens resemble very
much the European Tet. aratoria Fabr.

Hob. Sitka. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)
Observation. The name of Tet. vicina is preoccupied by R.
Desvoidy.

13. T. trianglllaris LOEW. J. (Translated from Berlin. Entom.
Zeitsch. 1861, p. 344, by B. Osten-Sacken.) Glandicolor, thorace bili-
neato, frontis opacse vittulis lateralibus Isevigatis, subobsoletis, fossula
media distincta, nou dilatata, subtriangula, antenuarum seta pilis longis,
rarioribus, nigris plumata, alis lutescentibus, unicoloribus, venis trans-
versis fusco-limbatis, posteriore subrecta.

Acorn-colored, thorax with two lines, front opaque, its lateral stripes
shining, almost obsolete, the furrow in the middle distinct, not dilated,
subtriangular, anteunal bristle with long, rare, black hairs, wings lutes-
cent, unicolorous, transverse veins margined with fuscous, the posterior
one almost straight. Long. corp. 0.26 0.27. Long. al. 0.27.

Occiput yellow, with a large shining-white spot. Front bright
yellow, entirely opaque, the ordinary lateral stripes shining, narrow,
almost obsolete ; the furrow in the middle distinct, shining, not
dilated, very shortened, subtriangular. Antennas rather short,
ochraceous, last joint a little longer than the two preceding taken
together, ferruginous at the tip, bristle with long but rather rare,
black hairs. Face shining-white, immaculate. Thorax above
with two darker, very approximated, lines. Abdomen unicolored.

TETANOCERA. 123

Legs luteous, three last joints of the fore tarsi, one of the inter-
mediate ones, and two of the hind ones, blackish ; hind femora of
the male beset below with black bristles. Wings lutescent, unico-
lorous, fore and apical border not clouded, transverse veins mar-
gined with brown, the posterior one almost straight.

Nab. North Red River. English River. (R. Kennicott.)
Observation. Yery like Tet. sylvatica Meig., but still nearer
allied to Tet. unicolor Loew, distinct from the former by the frontal
furrow, which is very much abbreviated here and by the anterior
margin which is not shining; from the latter, which it also exceeds
in size, by the striped thorax, and the narrower and less obsolete
frontal furrow.

14. T. rotimdicornisLoEW. % and 9. (Translated from the Berlin.
Entom. Zeitschr. 1861, p. 344, by B. Osten-Sacken.) Ex helvo glandi-
color, frontis opacse vittulis lateralibus ordinariis sublsevigatis, distinctis,
fossula media sequali usque ad anteriorem frontis inarginem producta,
antennarum articulo tertio ovato, superius non excise, seta pilis nigris
longis, sed raris plumata, alis lutescentibus, costse dimidio secundo et
apice anguste fuscis, veuis trausversis fusco-limbatis, posteriore sub-
recta.

Pale yellowish acorn-colored, the ordinary lateral stripes of the opaque
front rather shining, distinct, the intermediate furrow equal, extended to
the anterior margin of the front, third joint of the antennae ovate, not
excised superiorly, bristle with long black, but rare, hairs, wings lutes-
cent, the posterior half of the costa and the apex with a narrow brown-
ish cloud, transverse veins clouded with brownish, the posterior one
almost straight. Long. corp. 0.26. Long. al. 0.220.26.

Occiput yellow, with a heart-shaped shining-white spot. Front
bright yellow, opaque, the ordinary lateral stripes shining, rather
broad, the intermediate furrow shining, of equal breadth, entire.
Antennae short, ochraceous, third joint ovate, not excised supe-
riorly, the bristle with long, black, but sparse hair. Thorax above
with four darker lines, the intermediate ones entire, the lateral
ones interrupted, not seldom all four obsolete. Abdomen unicolor-
ous with a rather obscure lateral vitta, which is generally obsolete
in the male. Legs luteous, last joints of the tarsi black, hind
femora of the male beset below with black spines. Wings lutes-
cent, the posterior half of the costal border with a paler, the apical
border with a more saturated infuscation, transverse veins clouded
with fuscous, the posterior one nearly straight and perpendicular.

124 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

Hub. North Red River. English River. (Robt. Kenoicott.)
Observation. Stumps of veins proceed sometimes from the pos-
terior side of the fourth longitudinal vein.

Gen. III. SEPEBON LATE.

All the described species of the genus Sepedon agree much in
their structure and are very readily and sharply distinguished from
those species of Tetanocera which approach them in the whole
structure of the body, as, for instance, Tet. obliterata Fall, and
gracilis Loew. The most striking difference consists in the form
of the heads with the protuberant eyes, the excavated front and in
the second antennal joint being very much prolonged and attenu-
ated. Among the four ]S". A. species known to me three fully
agree as to these characters with the described species, but the
fourth considerably differs from them by having the second anten-
nal joint, though much prolonged, not attenuated, but broad as in
the species of the genus Tetanocera, while its head is in every
respect that of a Sepedon, so that, if we will not form a new genus
for it, it cannot by any means be placed in Tetanocera; I consider
it as the type of a new group of Sepedon.

Synopsis of the Species.

, J Second joint of the antennae broad. 1 fuscipennis LOEW.

I Second joint of the antennae narrow. 2

( Hind femora slender and very much prolonged, with a brown ring be-

o I fore the tip. 2 macropus WALK.

j Hind femora rather much thickened, with no brown ring before the
(. tip. 3

1 Under side of the hind femora in the male with a deep excision and
two teeth. 3 armipes LOEW.

Hind femora of both sexes simple. 4 pusillus LOEW.

1. S. fuscipennis LOEW. and 9 . Rufo-brunneus, secundo an-
teuuarum articulo'lato.

Chestnut-brown, second joint of the antennae broad. Long. corp. 0.26
0.27. Long. al. 0.27.

SYN. Sepedon fuscipennis LOEW, Wien. Eut. Monatsch. Ill, 299.

Of a rather dark chestnut color. Head a little paler. Front
with a very wide excavation and an oblong black spot on each side
near the orbit, and a deep black dot-like one below each antenna

SEPEDON. 125

and a little removed from the orbit. Antennae of the color of the
head ; the second joint, although elongated as in the other species
of Sepedon, is broad as in Tetanocera and with black hairs ; the
third joint a little darker, rather acutely ovate, blackish at the tip.
Antennal bristle white at the tip, and with a white pubescence, its
two first joints and the base of the third being black. Upper
side of the thorax in well-preserved specimens with a brown
longitudinal stripe on each side ; its middle is fine whitish hoary,
and marked with four darker lines not quite reaching the hind
border of the thorax, the innermost being by far more distinct.
The scutellum, too, the greatest portion of the pleura? and the
coxae are whitish hoary. Abdomen rather glossy, with a very
slight vestige of whitish hoar. Legs pale chestnut-brown, hind
femora with the apical half darker, and the greatest part of the
under side beset with rather scattered black spine-like bristles ;
the anterior and posterior tibiae at the tips and the tarsi blackish,
the middle tarsi chestnut-brown at the base. The very delicate
black hairs on the upper side of the posterior tibise are much
longer in the male than in the female, and in general longer than
usual in the species of this genus. Wings clouded with dark
smoky brown, more yellowish-brown towards the costal border;
the transverse veins with narrow blackish margins ; the posterior
transverse vein is considerably arcuated and has a very oblique
position.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. S. macropus WALK. . Testaceus, antennarum articulo secundo
tenui, femoribus posticis longissimis, gracilibus, fusco-anuulatis.

Yellowish-red, second antennal joint narrow, posterior femora very long,
slender, and marked with a brown ring. Long. corp. 0.3. Long. al.
0.35 lin.

SYN. Sepedon macropus WALKER, List Dipt. IV, 1078.

Yellowish-red, with the inferior portion of the pleura as well
as the hips having a bright white reflection. Front without lateral
spots. Face glossy ; below each antenna is a black spot distant
from the orbit and surrounded with a white reflection on the pol-
ished face ; another spot with bright white reflection runs from
the under side of the eyes down the cheeks. Antennas yellowish-
brown ; the second joint is slender and dark brown towards the

126 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

tip ; the third joint blackish with the antennal bristle beset with a
very short pubescence. Thorax with a rather distinct reddish
ferruginous middle stripe continuing over the scutellum (it may be
more marked in better preserved specimens). The abdominal
segments each with a browner margin of the hind border. Legs
very elongated with very short spine-like hairs; the bristles on the
under side of the very long, straight, not thickened hind femora
are likewise very short; the hind tibiaB slender and almost straight.
Color of the legs brownish-yellow, the tips of all femora being
brown and the posterior femora having besides a brown ring on
their last third ; the anterior and middle tibise have only brown
tips ; the posterior tibias are quite brown with a very broad
brownish-yellow ring before the tip; middle tarsi yellowish-brown,
more blackish-brown towards the tip; hind tarsi quite dark brown.
Wings clouded with brown ; posterior transverse vein slightly
curved, not very steep. This description has been taken from a
rather old specimen.

Hob. Jamaica; (Walker.) Cuba; (Poey.)

3. S. armipes LOEW. and 9. Brunnens, antennarum articulo
secundo tenui, femoribus posticis incrassatis, in niare subtus profunde
excisis et prope basim bidentatis.

Brown, second antennal joint slender, hind femora thickened, in the male
with a deep excision on the under side and two teeth near the base.
Long. corp. 0.18. Long. al. 0.18.

SYN. Sepcdon armipes LOEW, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 298.

Not dissimilar to Sep. spinipes, but darker and somewhat smaller.
Head pale yellowish, with the front and upper part of the occiput
brown, the former having a black spot on each side near the orbit
and a black dot below each antenna a little removed from the
orbit. The two first joints of the antennas brownish-yellow, the
second attenuated as in most species of this genus; the third more
or less lanceolate, black with the base only yellow. The first
and second joints of the antennal bristle dark yellow, the third
with the base blackish, the remainder being white with very short
white pubescence. Upper side of the thorax finely hoary in the
middle, on which some dark longitudinal lines are visible. Pleu-
ra3 dusted with white. Abdomen rather glossy, pale chestnut-
brown or almost yellowish-red at the tip. Legs brownish-yellow,
the femora paler, especially towards the base; the hind femora are

SEPEDON. 127

somewhat spotted with brown at the tip ; their under side has
a rather deep excision, and immediately before this excision a
coarse, almost two-headed, hook, and farther to the base a smaller
obtuse tooth, the space between the excision and the tip being
beset with short black bristles. The femora of the female are
simple. The posterior tibiae of the male are much arcuated at
the beginning of their last third, the two first thirds being almost
quite straight ; the tibia? of the female are of a very similar struc-
ture, but not quite so much curved, by which character it is most
readily distinguished from the female of Sepedon pusillus, the pos-
terior tibia? of which have a slighter and much more uniform
arcuatiou. The anterior tibia? are gradually blackened towards
the tip, and also the anterior tarsi are rather black, the second
and third joints only being paler than the rest ; the middle tibia?
show no trace of black, but the tips of the middle tarsi are blackish
as well as those of the hind tarsi. Wings smoky gray, more
yellowish-brown on the costal border; the transverse veins with
narrow black clouds ; the posterior transverse vein is but little
curved, and rather steep.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. S. pusillus LOETV. and Brurmeus, anteunarum articulo se-
cundo tenui, femoribus posticis incrassatis, in utroque sexu simplicibus.

Brown, second antennal joint slender, femora thickened, simple in both

sexes. Long. corp. 0.18. Long. al. 0.18.

SYN. Sepedon pusillus LOEW, Wien. Ent. Monatsch. Ill, 299.

So very similar to the preceding species that a short enumera-
tion of its differences will be sufficient to characterize it. The
male is most readily distinguished from that of Sep. armipes by
its hind femora being simple. The females of the two species are
rather more difficult to separate ; the most certain difference is
given in the form of the hind tibia?, which in Sep. pusillus are
slightly and uniformly bent in their whole length, whereas in the
female of Sep. armipes the arcuation is not only more considerable,
but also affects chiefly the last third. All other differences are
either uncertain or trifling; namely, the structure of the third joint
of the antenna? does not afford any available character for distin-
guishing the two species, in opposition to what I was inclined to
suppose when I had only a few specimens of both of them.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

128 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Observation. The genera Actora and Dryomyza, differing in
some characters from the true Sdomyzidce, are not comprised in
the above exposition. I have not seen the N. A. Actora, pub-
lished by Mr. Walker as Actora ferruginea. The two N. A. spe-
cies of Dryomyza I know, fall both into that section which is
characterized by a hairy third longitudinal vein ; the first is, as it
seems, identical with the European Dryomyza anilis Fall. ; the
second, though resembling in its colors Dryomyza flaveola Fabr.,
may easily be identified by the subjoined description.

Dryomyza simplex LOEW. Pallide flava, nitens, fronte et an-
tennis saturate flavis, opacis ; alse cinereo-liyalinse, vena longitudinal!
tertia pilis longis vestita. Long. corp. 0.28. Long. al. 0.31.

Polished, pale yellow. Front deeper yellow, opaque, with the
short pubescence and the bristles black. Antennas concolorous
with the front ; antennal bristle with rather long and black hairs.
Wings limpid, with a distinct yellowish-gray tinge ; the third
longitudinal vein beset with long hairs; the posterior transverse
vein obsoletely clouded with grayish, the small transverse vein not
clouded.

Hob. Middle States. (Osteu-Sacken.)

IY.

ON THE NORTH AMERICAN EPHYDRINIDAE,

The family of Ephydrinidce is taken here altogether in the extent
which was given to it by Stenhammar, the diligent monographer
of the Swedish species, and by Walker in his work on the British
Diptera, the latter founded on Haliday's valuable observations.

The characters easily distinguishing the EpJiydrimdce from all
the other families of Diptera acalyptera may be set down as fol-
lows: Face more or less, often considerably convex; either with-
out any impression at all beneath the antennas, or moderately im-
pressed, but never provided with membranous antennal furrows.
Antennas short, first joint small ; antennal bristle either nearly
bare, or pubescent, or pectinated on the upper side only. Oral
cavity rounded, in most of the genera of considerable size; cly-
peus distinct, in some genera retracted in the oral cavity, in the
remaining genera prominent over the oral margin, in some of them
of a rather large size; palpi small; mentum short, more or less in-
crassated. Thorax rather quadrangular; scutellum proportionately
large. Abdomen of very variable form, consisting of six seg-
ments in the males; the females have one short, and generally not
distinctly visible, segment more. The sixth segment being al-
ways small and generally much concealed under the fifth, the struc-
tural relations depend on the conformation of the five first seg-
ments; of these the first is often much shortened and sometimes
nearly connate with the second, a circumstance which has led
authors to omit it in the enumeration or to count the two first
segments for one; this is to be borne in mind in order to understand
their descriptions; in mine, I have always counted the first seg-
ment as distinct, however difficult it may be to observe it. The
fifth segment is also of very variable structure, generally nearly
equalling the foregoing in size, rarely considerably longer in both
sexes or in the males, still more seldom much smaller, in which
case the fourth segment, especially in the males, is longer than
9

130 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

usual. The hypopygium of the male, which attains a considerable
size in some species only, is turned down, and generally, together
with the small sixth segment, encompassed by the lateral border of
the fifth abdominal segment bending down over it. The anal ex-
tremity of the female, except in a few species, is entirely retracted ;
for this reason, the sexual difference of many species is somewhat
difficult to ascertain on examining single dry specimens. Wings
on their whole surface covered with microscopical hair; the costal
vein consists of three parts, the first of which reaches from the base
to a little beyond the transverse humeral vein, which, quite in its
neighborhood, runs over to the costa; the second from thence to
the tip of the first longitudinal vein, where the third begins.
These three parts of the costal vein are not to be confounded with
the three segments of the costal vein so frequently used in charac-
terizing the species; the latter are reckoned from the base of the
wing to the tip of the first longitudinal vein, from theuce to the
tip of the second longitudinal vein, and from this to the tip of the
third longitudinal vein. The auxiliary vein is distinct only at its
very base and then coalesces with the first longitudinal vein ; the
second basal cell, i. e. the anterior of the two small basal cells, unites
with the discoidal cell, the ordinary separating vein disappearing,
so that the discoidal cell apparently reaches very far towards the
base of the wings; it is not at all unusual, that on a closer examina-
tion a rudiment of the obliterated transverse vein may be seen ;
the posterior of the two small basal cells or anal cell is generally
imperfect and very small. Alulae small. Legs slightly bristled ;
in some genera the species have some longer bristles on the upper
side of the intermediate tibias, which in all genera are provided
with spurs.

Most of the species, if not all, live in the neighborhood of water
or in moist places. I have observed many years ago, that the
food of several species chiefly consists of Infusoria. The larva? of
those European species, the metamorphosis of which is known,
live, at least by far most of them, in water, some exclusively in
water which is very decidedly salt; two of them are leaf-miners.

General division of the Ephydrinidae.

In order to facilitate the determination of the already numerous
genera of Ephydrinidce it will be useful to subdivide this family in
several sections, which may be done as follows:

NOTIPHILINA. 131

Second joint of the anteunrc unguiculated at the end, or at least, the
upper side of the intermediate tibiae beset with a few strong bris-
1 -I ties. I. NOTIPHILINA.
Second joint of the antennae not unguiculated, the intermediate tibia?
I never have long bristles on the upper side. 2

!Eyes hairy, oral cavity never of considerable size, anterior femora never
incrassated. II. HYDRELLINA.

Eyes naked, oral cavity generally very large. III. EPHYDRINA.

The second joint of the antennae is called unguiculated (unguicu-
laturri) if it bears on its end a bristle directed forward, whether it
be thickened and long, or thin and short. In the latter case it is
often difficult to perceive, particularly in the genera Paralimna
and Corylhophora, which in the whole structure of their heads
approach very much some genera of Ephydrina; yet the presence
of several long bristles on the upper side of the intermediate tibiae
and the color and markings of their abdomens point out too
evidently their relation to the species of the widely spread genus
Notipkila, to be overlooked. The hairy eyes will be sufficient
in general to enable us to recognize the Hydrellina ; in those
genera, the species of which have densely pilose eyes, the hairs
are often exceedingly short; but their presence even then is easily
known by the whitish reflection shown by the outline of the eyes.
In the genera with scattered hairs on the eyes there are some spe-
cies in which it is very difficult to perceive the single small hairs;
in order to distinguish them with certainty from the Ephydrina, it
is to be borne in mind that in the latter the eyes are much more
rounded, that their faces are narrowest just where the antennaa
are inserted, and considerably increase in breadth immediately
below, whereas the Hydrellina have always more oblong eyes, and
their faces have their least breadth beneath the antennae; the oral
cavity also is never so strikingly wide as in most genera of Ephy-
drina; moreover the clypeus in those species of Hydrellina which,
on account of the indistinctness of the pubescence of the eyes,
might be taken for Ephydrina, is very little developed.

I. NOTIPHILINA.

The second joint of the antenna) distinctly unguiculated, or the
presence of some long bristles on the upper side of the interme-
diate tibite will refer any species to the present section, the genera

132 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

of which have, without exception, an antenual bristle with long
pectinations on the upper side.

Division 1. The costal vein reaches to the third longitudinal vein,
f Abdominal extremity of the male with elongated bristles.

DICHAETA Meig.
j Abdominal extremity of the male without elongated bristles.

NOTIPHILA Fall.

Division 2. The costal vein reaches to the fourth longitudinal vein.
, ( Upper side of the intermediate tibiae with some long bristles. 2

I Upper side of the intermediate tibise without long bristles. 3

f Wings with a costal spine, posterior transverse vein perpendicular, legs
not prolonged, clypeus very prominent. PARALIMNA Loew.

2 ! Wings without costal spine, posterior transverse vein oblique, legs pro-
longed, clypeus hardly projecting beyond the oral margin.

|^ CORYTHOPHORA Lo6W.

Abdomen sharply edged, apparently three-jointed in both sexes on
account of the minuteness of the first and fifth segments.

TRIMERINA Macq.

\ Abdomen not sharply edged, fifth segment not so strikingly short-

(. ened, or only so in the males. 4

4 f Abdomen broad. DISCOMYZA Meig.

\ Abdomen not broad. 5

{Superior half of the face not carinated, third joint of the antennae
more or less oblong. PSILOPA Fall.

Superior half of the face distinctly carinated. 6

SEyes oblong, cheeks not descending much beneath the eyes.
DISCOCERINA Macq.
Eyes rounded, cheeks descending very much beneath the eyes. 7
7 f Clypeus very prominent beyond the oral margin. ATHYROGLOSSA Loew.
\ Clypeus projecting very little beyond the oral margin. HECAMEDE Hal.

Of the enumerated genera I know Dichceta, Notiphila, Paralimna,
Discomyza, Psilopa, andDiscocerina as occurring in North America.

Gen. I. DICHAETA MEIG.

This genus is closely related to the genus Notiphila. Both are
distinguished by the remarkable stout spine of the second joint of
the antennae ; the face is perpendicular and only moderately con-
vex, the clypeus small and scarcely prominent beyond the border
of the mouth; moreover, in both, the intermediate tibia? are beset
on the upper side with some long and stout bristles, and the thick-
ened costal vein terminates already at the tip of the third longi-
tudinal vein. The characters distinguishing both genera from each

DICHAETA. 133

other are as follows : The species of Dichceta have longer and
stouter bristles ; the mystacidal bristles on the side of their face there
are less numerous, but much longer and stouter; moreover, in the
males of Dichceta the penultimate segment of the abdomen, on its
posterior edge, is provided with a transverse row of very long bris-
tles, and on the tip of the last segment, above the anal opening,
there are two bristles inserted near each other and curved upwards,
which is never the case in Notiphila.

Only two European species of Dicli&la were hitherto known. The
two species occurring in North America are identical with them.

Synopsis of the Species.

( Last segment of the abdomen in the male prolonged in a conical point.

j 1 caudata Fall.

j Last segment of the abdomen in the male not prolonged in a conical

point. 2 brevicauda Loew.

1. I>. caudata FALL. and . Nigricans, segmento abdominal!
penultimo in mare setis decem elongatis arrnato segmentoque ultimo in
couum producto.

Blackish, the penultimate segment of the male abdomen with ten long
bristles, the last segment couically prolonged. Long. corp. 0.17. Long,
al. 0.17.

This well known species is distinguished from the following by
its somewhat larger size, the greater number and the length of the
bristles on the posterior border of the penultimate segment of the
male abdomen, the conical prolongation of its last segment, and the
much greater length of the two stout bristles inserted on the tip
of this prolongation.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Note. A detailed description of this species is to be found in Meigen,
Zweifl. VI, p. 62. 0. S.

2. D. Tbrevicailda LOEW. . Nigricans, segmento abdominal! pe-
nultirno in mare setis sex elongatis armato segmentoque ultimo breviter
acuminato.

Blackish, the penultimate segment of the male abdomen with six long bris-
' ties on the posterior border, the last segment but little pointed. Long,
corp. 0.16. Long. al. 0.16.

The differences pointed out in the description of the foregoing
species will be sufficient to distinguish this. The greater part of

134 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the tarsi is dull red, as in Dick, caudata, but generally somewhat
paler.
Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

Note. This species has been described for the first time by Mr. Loew in
1860 in his paper: Die Europseischen Ephydriniden (in Loew's Neue Bei-
traege, VII, p. 5). 0. S.

Gen. II. WOTIPHOLA FALL.

The characters of this genus result from what has been said
about Dich(Eta. Those which distinguish it most easily from the
following genera are the intermediate tibiae being provided on the
upper side with single long bristles, and the thickened costal vein
terminating at the tip of the third longitudinal vein.

We need scarcely mention that but few of the species described
by the older authors as Notiphilce, belong to it, in the restricted
sense necessary here. Taken in this sense, about sixteen European
species have to be referred to it, some of which, however, are not
yet duly established. In North America it seems to be repre-
sented by numerous species which, compared to those of Europe,
show nothing heterogeneous in their organization. The same
observation may be made with regard to the South African spe-
cies which occur on the Cape of Good Hope.

Synopsis of the Species.

, f Palpi blackish. 1 scalaris, n. sp.

I Palpi yellowish. 2

f Antennae quite black. 2 bella, n. sp.

i

1 Third joint of the antennre red at the base.

r Upper side of the thorax with a broad brown lateral stripe.

3 \ 3 vittata, n. sp.
< Upper side of the thorax without broad brown lateral stripe. 4
f Abdomen with irregular brownish-black semifasciae, each formed of

4 ! two spots. 4 carinata, n. sp.

Abdomen with two brown spots on each of the intermediate segments.

5 unicolor, u. sp.

i

1. Hi. scalaris LOEW. % and -. Obscure ciuerea, facie augusta
fulvescente, antennis palpisque nigris, abdomine fasciis nigris, linea
longitudinali cinerea interruptis picto, pedibus nigris, geuibus tarsisque
posticis testaceis, tarsis anticis testaceo-anmilatis.

Dark ashy-gray, the small face yellow, antennas and palpi blackish ; ab-
donieu with two transverse fasciae, interrupted by a gray middle line ;

NOT1PHILA. 135

legs blackish, knees and hind tarsi yellowish, anterior tarsi aunulated
with yellowish. Long. corp. 0.13. Long. al. 0.16.

Very much resembling Notiph. uliginosa Hal. (which is identical
with Notiph. tarsata Stenh.), but its narrower face distinguishes
it from that and all the related European species. Palpi blackish.
Antennae entirely black ; front with yellowish-brown on black
ground. The same is the case with the upper side of the thorax,
which has no broad longitudinal stripes, but only a faint trace, often
indistinct, of five fine, brown longitudinal lines. The scutellura is
colored as the upper side of the thorax, but generally with a rather
lighter gray border and longitudinal line. Abdomen gray, with
broad brownish-black fasciae occupying more than the anterior half
of each segment, and being interrupted by a gray middle stripe ; the
last segment in the male is almost entirely black, and has a gray
middle stripe on its anterior half. Femora and tibia? black ; the
knees and the extreme tips of the tibiae brownish-yellow ; the fore
tarsi black, having the innermost base of each joint yellowish ;
the posterior tarsi yellowish, with the tip brownish. Wings pel-
lucid brownish-gray, with brown veins ; the second segment of the
costal vein being nearly twice as long as the third.

Halt. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. IV. "bella LOEW. and 9 . Cinerea, antennis totis nigris, palpis
flavis, vitta thoracis utrinque laterali, pleurarum superiore, scutellique
margine laterali hrunneis.

Ashy-gray ; antennae entirely blackish, palpi yellow ; a longitudinal stripe
on each side of the upper side of the thorax, a longitudinal stripe on
the pleurse, and the lateral edge of the scutellum, brown. Long. corp.
0.14. Long. al. 0.17.

Face yellowish. Eye-rings rather broad. Cheeks descending
considerably beneath the eyes. Antennae entirely blackish. Front
gray, viewed sideways rather whitish ; the divided black middle
stripe is more or less covered with thick light-gray dust, which is
sometimes of a yellowish tinge, sometimes more light-gray ; near the
lateral border \_ofthe thorax*! 0. .] there is a broad, well-defined,
dark-brown longitudinal stripe. Such a stripe runs on the upper
part of the pleurae from the shoulder to near the base of the wing.
The brown color of the lateral border of the scutellum continues on
the posterior border of the thorax as a short beginning of a stripe.
Abdomen, with four rows of long, triangular, blackish-brown spots,

136 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the interior of which are a little longer that the exterior ones.
Coxae and femora black, covered with light-gray hoar ; the tips
of the latter brownish-yellow. Tibiae and tarsi rather pale brown-
ish-yellow, the hind tibiae with a broad, the middle and fore tibiae
with a narrow blackish-brown ring, which is sometimes wanting ;
the last joint of the tarsi brownish. In the male, the middle
femora, on the under side, are beset with short, but very thick,
black hair, the middle tibiae on the under side fringed with very
close, short, black pubescence. Wings grayish, proportionally
long and narrow ; veins brown ; the second segment of the costa
nearly thrice as long as the third.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

3. IV. vittata LOEW. 9 Fusca, facie laete ochracea, antennarum
articuli tertii basi sordide rufa ; thoracis vitta laterali, pleurarum supe-
riore scutellique inargine laterali obscure brunneis, abdoiniue macularum
nigrarum seriebus quatuor picto, fenioribus nigris, tibiis late nigro-auuu-
latis.

Brown ; face bright ochraceous, third joint of the antennse dull red at the
base ; a longitudinal stripe on each side of the upper side of the thorax,
a longitudinal stripe on the pleurae and the lateral border of the scutel-
lum dark-brown ; abdomen with four rows of black spots ; femora black,
tibiae with a broad black ring. Long. corp. 0.16. Long. al. 0.18.

The most robust among the known North American species.
Face of middle breadth, rather bright yellow. Palpi yellow. An-
tennas black, third joint at its base dull red for a considerable dis-
tance. Front, thorax, and scutellum dusted with brown. The
upper side of the thorax has on each side, near the lateral border,
a broad, well-defined, dark-brown stripe, and, moreover, on its
middle, some much less distinct brown longitudinal lines. Pleura
grayer than the upper side of the thorax, above with a broad,
dark-brown, longitudinal stripe, running from the shoulder to the
base of the wing, and another incomplete brown longitudinal stripe
immediately above the longitudinal suture. Lateral border of the
scutellum blackish-brown. Upper side of the abdomen dusted
with gray and having four rows of black spots, those of the two
interior rows being longer and more triangular, those of the exte-
rior rather shorter and more trapezoidal. Femora black; tibia?
and tarsi yellowish, the former with a broad brownish-black fascia,
which, on the anterior tibiae, leaves only the base and tip free ; the
tarsi, on account of tjieir hair, appear darker than they really are.

NOTIPHILA. 137

Wings distinctly tinged with brown ; veins brown ; the second
segment of the costal vein scarcely twice as long as the third.
Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. W. carinata LOEW. 9 Cinerea, facie angusta concolore, antenna-
rum articuli tertii basi rufa, thoracis dorso scutelloque brunneis, abdo-
mine fasciis interrupts nigro-brunneis, postice ernargiuatis, picto, pedibus
nigris, tibiis tarsisque posterioribus testaceis, tibiis posticis nigro-annu-

latis.

Ashy-gray, the narrow face ashy-gray ; base of the third joint of the an-
tennae red ; upper side of the thorax and scutellurn brown ; abdomen
with interrupted blackish-brown fasciae, which are emarginated poste-
riorly ; legs black, middle and posterior tibiae and tarsi brownish-yellow ;
hind tibiae with a black ring. Long. corp. 0.13. Long. al. 0.16.

Face gray, rather narrow, indeed remarkably narrower and with
a more extended and sharper keel on its upper part than in the
similar European species Notiph. annulipes Stenh. and Notiph.
dorsata Stenh. Palpi yellow, antennae black ; the third joint with
the basal half yellowish-red. Front, upper side of the thorax, and
scutellum, grayish-brown, or even almost brownish-yellow ; upper
side of the thorax without lines or stripes. Pleura ashy-gray,
brownish above. Abdomen on the basal half of each segment with
two blackish-brown sernifascias, emarginated posteriorly, which on
the last segment dissolve themselves more or less into the two
spots composing them. Anterior legs entirely black, only the
knees and the extreme tips of the tibiae being brownish-yellow.
Middle and posterior tibiae and tarsi brownish-yellow; hind tibiae
with a brownish-black band; tips of the tarsi brownish. Wings
of a rather dull gray, veins brown ; the second segment of the
costal vein a little more than twice as long as the third.

Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

5. N. linicolor LOEW. . Flavo-cinerea, facie laetius flava, abdo-
minis segrnentis duobus intermediis brunneo-bimaculatis, femoribus
nigris, genibus, tibiis tarsisque flavo-testaceis, anticis fuscanis.

Yellowish-gray, face of a brighter yellow ; the two middle segments of the
abdomen each with two brown spots ; femora black, knees, tibiae and
tarsi brownish-yellow; the fore ones more brownish. Long. corp. 0.13.
Long. al. 0.16.

Entirely yellowish-gray. Face bright yellow, rather broad ;
cheeks descending beneath the eyes a little more than usual. Palpi
dark yellow. Third joint of the antennae with the basal half red-

138 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

dish-yellow. Thorax without lines or stripes. Abdomen very
unicolorous, having only on each of the two middle segments two
triangular brown spots of middle size ; of the two exterior rows of
spots, which generally occur on the abdomens of the Notiphilte,
nothing is to be seen here. Femora black, appearing gray in
consequence of their being dusted, with yellowish tips. Tibia3 and
tarsi brownish-yellow ; fore tibiae towards their tips and fore
tarsi brownish on their whole extent ; the posterior tarsi only
with their last joint brown. The short hair, resembling fringes,
on the under side of the middle femora and tibite is rather thin.
Wings rather sandy-yellowish, particularly at the base, the second
segment of the costal vein is a little more than twice as long as
the third. This species resembles most the European Noliph.
guttiventris Stenh., but is easily distinguished from it by its smaller
size and more yellow color, by the cheeks descending deeper be-
neath the eyes and by the much less spotted abdomen.

Gen. III. PARALIUftfA LOEW.

The characters of this genus, of which I hitherto only know South
African and North American species, are the following. Structure,
colouring, and markings as in Notiphila. Eyes much rounded ;
front and face very broad, the latter slightly convex ; eye-rings
broad ; cheeks descending very deeply beneath the eyes ; clypeus
prominent ; palpi narrow ; terminal bristle of the second joint of
the antennas very small and hardly visible ; the third joint of
the antennas very distinctly hairy on its upper side and tip ; the
antennal bristle with long rays. Structure of the thorax, scutel-
lum, and abdomen as in Notiphila. Middle tibia? on their upper
side with three long bristles, the first being very near the base, the
second immediately before the middle, and the third not far from
the end. Wings as in Notiphila, only with the exception of the
thickened costal vein being extended to the tip of the fourth lon-
gitudinal vein.

1. P. appemliculata LOEW. and 9 . Bruunea, fronte, thorace
scutelloque obscurius punctatis ; facie fasciisque interruptis abdoininis
nigri canis ; palpis, antennis pedibusque nigris, tarsorum anticorum
posticorurnque basi rufa ; alis cinereis, venis transversis et venula ap-
pendicea e penultimo venae quarta? segmento ascendente nigro-limbatis.

Brown, front, thorax and scutellum with darker dots ; the face and the
interrupted fascia? of the black abdomen are grayish-white ; palpi, an-

PARALIMNA. 139

termse, and tarsi black, the fore and hind tarsi red at the base ; wings
gray, the transverse veins and an additional veinlet being placed on
the anterior side of the penultimate segment of the fourth longitudinal
vein, are bordered with black. Long. corp. 0.16 0.18. Long. al. 0.16
0.18.

Face dusted with grayish white, usually with some more brown-
ish spots, sometimes with a more yellowish-gray tinge ; it is slightly
convex, but not even, eye-rings broad ; viewed laterally, they show
at their upper end two black spots, united by a white transverse
line, which disappear when viewed in other directions. The very
projecting clypeus is of the same color as the face. Proboscis
thick and black ; palpi narrow, rather long and black. Antenna
black, the third joint in certain directions with a whitish-gray
reflection; the hair on the upper side and the tip remarkably long.
Front brown, anteriorly with some small dots, further back with
some nearly black spots. Thorax and scutellum brownish, with
numerous close, small, dark-brown dots ; pleura? also dotted. Ab-
domen brownish-black, rather opaque, on the posterior border of
each segment with a whitish-gray, very opaque fascia, a little
widened on its middle, and intersected by a brownish-black
middle stripe. The two halves of the gray fascia of the second
segment are sometimes connected on their posterior margins ; the
fifth abdominal segment of the male is a little longer than the
preceding. Legs entirely black, the fifth joint of the fore and
hind tarsi clothed with shining felt of a bright reddish-yellow ;
the first joint of the fore tarsi at its base, and the first joint of
the hind tarsi almost to its tip, are usually red ; paler specimens
have also the first joint of the middle tarsi red ; in darker ones
the first joint of the anterior tarsi is entirely black. Wings gray,
veins brown ; the second half of the costal vein, the end of the
third longitudinal vein, and nearly the whole fourth and fifth lon-
gitudinal veins, rather black ; the transverse veins and a small
stump, emitted by the fourth longitudinal vein about the middle of
its penultimate segment, black and narrowly bordered with black ;
the second segment of the costal vein more than twice as long as
the third.

Hal). Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.) Georgia.

140 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Gen. IV. DISCOMYZA MEIG.

The characters of this genus are as follows. Head more or less
orbicular, with very sharp borders of the vertex ; second joint of
the antennas unguiculated, the third oblong, with long pectinations
of the terminal bristle. Face not keeled, rather convex, receding
again towards the edge of the mouth, uneven, on the sides with
coarse warts and wrinkled. Clypeus entirely concealed. Abdo-
men flat, broad, on account of the shortening of the first segment
apparently consisting of four rather equally broad segments.
Wings proportionately broad, third and fourth longitudinal veins
parallel at their ends.

There were only two species hitherto known; the following
North American species deviates a little by its head not being so
strikingly orbicular, and by its abdomen not being so broad, but
more flattened.

1. I>. l>alioptera LOEW. . Nigra, tliorace punctulato, antennis
genibusque rufis, tarsis posterioribus flavescentibus, alis fusco-maculatis.

Black, with dotted thorax ; antennae and knees yellowish-red, middle and
posterior tarsi yellowish ; wings dotted with brownish-black. Long. corp.
0.15. Long. al. 0.14.

Head shining black, really not so orbicular as in Discom. in-
curva, but the vertical border likewise very sharp. Front ante-
riorly with two rather flat depressions, placed near each other; the
more shining lateral border of the front rather wrinkled. Antennae
yellowish-red, the upper border of the second and third joints
a little darker ; the antennal bristle with long pectinations. The
middle of the face narrow and rather transversely wrinkled ; its
lateral parts with coarse warty wrinkles ; the eyes surrounded
with a fine white line. The upper side of the thorax and scutel-
lum appear to be dusted with white, but have a rather indistinct,
exceedingly fine and close punctuation, leaving only small traces
of the white dust. On the pleurae, where the punctuation is more
distinct and much coarser, the whitish dust is more visible. Abdo-
men black, rather shining, exceedingly flat, narrower than in Dis-
com. incurva, the cause of which may be that the upper horny
plates of the abdomen are turned clown to an unusual extent ; the
last segment of the abdomen rather smaller than the preceding

PSILOPA. 141

ones. Legs black, knees yellowish-red; middle band of the posterior
tarsi pale yellowish, having the last joint rather blackened. Poi-
sers whitish with darker petiole. Wings short and broad, clouded
with grayish ; the small transverse vein is below the tip of the first
longitudinal vein ; the posterior transverse vein rather distant from
the margin of the wing and rather oblique ; the two last segments
of the fourth longitudinal vein of equal length ; the second seg-
ment of the costal vein less than twice as long as the third ; the
transverse veins with broad brownish-black borders ; a spot of the
same color lies between the third and fourth longitudinal veins a
little before the posterior transverse vein ; a larger spot of the
same color lies before it on the costal margin, reaching to the third
longitudinal vein and being connected with an equally large,
blackish-brown spot on the apex of the wing, which almost attains
the fourth longitudinal vein.
Hob. Cuba. (Poey.)

Gen. V. PSII.OPA FALL.

The characters of the genus Psilopa are as follows. Second
joint of the antennae with a stout spine ; third oblong, the bristle
with long pectinations. Face on its upper part without any keel,
slightly convex everywhere, not wrinkled on its sides, receding to-
wards the opening of the mouth. Clypeus either quite concealed
or scarcely projecting beyond the oral margin. Middle tibia? with-
out long bristles on their upper side. The costal vein thickened
and attaining the fourth longitudinal vein.

This genus is represented in Europe by about twelve species
known with more or less certainty. Its representatives in North
America seem to be more numerous; a number of them are distin-
guished from the European ones by a more robust structure and a
more strikingly dusted appearance, and by their faces being not
exactly smooth and their cheeks descending a little deeper beneath
the eyes ; but neither the number of the species of this group
hitherto known is large enough, nor are the characters such as to
render a generic separation necessary. On the contrary, it will be
sufficient for the present, to put these species together as a sub-
division of the genus Psilopa.

142 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Synopsis of the Species.
Division 1. Middle of the face slightly convex without any elevation on it.

, ( Thorax finely aciculate. 1 aciculata nov. sp.

( Thorax polished. 2

{Posterior part of the thorax and scutellum hronze-colored.
2 scoriacea nov. sp.
The whole body pure black. 3 atra nov. sp.

Division 2. Middle of the face slightly convex with some flat longitudi-
nal impressions.

, ( Abdomen black. 4 umbrosa nov. sp.

( Abdomen steel-colored. 5 caeruleiventris nov. sp.

1. P. aciculata LOEW. J. Thorace scutelloque nigris, transverse
subtiliter aciculatis, capite abdoruineque aut ex cupreo aut ex viridi
senescentibus, antennis flavis, pedibus nigris, tibiarum apice tarsisque
flavescentibus, basi alarum sublutesceutium nigra.

Thorax and scutellum black, transversely with fine scratches ; head and
abdomen either coppery or greenish brassy ; antennae yellow ; legs black,
tips of the tibiae and tarsi yellowish ; the rather yellowish wings with
the base black. Long. corp. 0.09. Long. al. 0.1.

Antennae entirely reddish-yellow. Front and face shining,
either dull coppery or even almost metallic black, or metallic
green. The thorax and the proportionately large scutellum black,
hardly brassy, everywhere covered with close and exceedingly
fine scratches. Abdomen polished, shining, the color varying in
the same way as that of the face. Legs shining black, knees in-
distinctly yellowish-brown ; tips of all the tibiae yellowish as well
as all the tarsi ; last joint of the tarsi blackish at its tip only.
Poisers brownish-black. Wings rather clay-colored, blackish at
the base ; this blackening of the costal margin reaches a little be-
yond the middle of the first segment, on the disk of the wing only
as far as the basal transverse veins ; towards the posterior margin
it extends in such a way, as to occupy half of the corner of the
wing lying behind the fifth longitudinal vein, but it becomes at the
same time very pale.

Hab. Cuba. (Poey.)

2. P. scoriacea LOEW. 9- Atra, nitida, colore in posteriore tho-
racis parte scoriaceo, in scutello obscure seneo, proboscide pedibusque
nigris, tarsis posticis fuscis, alis cinereo-hyalinis.

Black, shining ; the posterior part of the thorax scoriaceous ; scutellum

PSILOPA. 143

dull brassy ; proboscis and legs black, hind tarsi brown ; wings grayish-
glassy. Long. corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.13.

Shining black. Head proportionately broad, shining black ;
above the antennas with a small, dilated spot dusted with whitish.
Face broad, shining black, viewed laterally, more brownish-black;
viewed from above it appears as if dusted with white. Anten-
nae deep black j antennal bristle with long pectinations. Probos-
cis and palpi perfectly black. Thorax shining black, scoriaceous
posteriorly; immediately before and on the flat scntellum the color
is more of a dull brassy green. Abdomen shining black, slightly
dusted. Legs black; the posterior tarsi appear rather dark brown
to the naked eye, viewed through a lens their color is almost dull
whitish, the dark appearance being caused by the black hair.
Poisers white. Wings grayish glassy ; the second segment of the
costal vein is not half as long again as the third.

Hal. Xew York. (Schaum.)

3, P. atra LOE\V. . Atra, nitida, proboscide halterumque capitulo
albidis, basi tarsorum posticorum rufa, alis hyaliuis.

Shining black, proboscis and knob of the halteres whitish ; base of the
posterior tarsi red ; wings glassy. Long. corp. 0.12. Long. al. 0.16.

Shining black ; head broad, front shining black ; the small
white-dusted spot above the antennas and the whitish, exceedingly
fine dust of the broad, shining black face are scarcely perceptible.
Proboscis yellowish-white. The palpi seem to be black. Antennas
black ; the bristle with very long pectinations. Abdomen shining,
scarcely with a trace of dust, rather narrow and flat, apparently
consisting of four segments, the first being very much shortened ;
even the sixth, however, is perceptible. Legs black ; middle and
hind tarsi red at the base. Halteres with blackish petiole and
white knob. Wings glassy, slightly grayish ; the second segment
of the costal vein not quite half as long again as the third.

Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. P. limbrosa LOEW. 9- Nigra, fronte, thoracis dorso et scutello
polline brunneo-cinereo tectis, facie griseo-pollinosa, antennis tarsorurn-
que basi ex rufo flavis, alis adversus rnargiuem anteriorem nigricantibus,
halterum capitulo albo.

Black; front, upper side of the thorax and scutellum dusted with ashy-
gray with a fuscous tinge, face dusted with whitish-gray ; antennae and

144 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

bases of all the tarsi reddish-yellow ; wings blackened towards the costa ;
knob of the poisers white. Long. corp. 0.13. Long. al. 0.14.

Black ; front, thorax and scutellum thickly dusted with ashy-
gray with a fuscous tinge. Antennas reddish-yellow ; the bristle
with scattered pectinations. Face thickly dusted with whitish-
gray, rather of uniform breadth, with more numerous bristles on
the sides than in most other Psilopce, generally slightly convex,
with the lower part a little projecting, but towards the border of
the mouth again remarkably receding, rendering thus the opening
of the mouth smaller than is usual in this genus. Proboscis and
tarsi blackish. Pleura? brownish-black, shining. Abdomen shin-
ing black with very little visible dust. Legs shining black ; tarsi
reddish-yellow, the three last joints of the foremost, and only the
two last of the hindmost ones being black. Poisers with brown pe-
tioles and white knob. Wings clouded with grayish-black, becom-
ing gradually black towards the costa; the posterior transverse vein
scarcely perceptibly margined with blackish; the second segment of
the costal vein more than half as long again as the third.

Hob. Cuba. (Poey.)

5. P. caeruleiveutris LOEW. 9- Capite thoraceque cinereis
opacis, abdomine chalybeo nitido, antennis palpisque' flavis, pedibus
nigris, tarsis posterioribus rufis, alis hyalinis vitta latissinia atra, rnar-
gini antico contigua, pictis.

Head and thorax opaque ashy-gray, abdomen shining steel-blue ; antennse
and palpi yellow ; legs black, posterior tarsi red ; wings hyaline, with an
exceedingly broad, deep black longitudinal stripe on the costa. Long,
corp. 0.15. Long. al. 0.16.

Front ashy-gray. Antenna? reddish-yellow. Face whitish-gray,
slightly convex, with rather slender small bristles on the sides ;
oral cavity small; clypeus projecting a little beyond the border of
the oral margin. Palpi pale yellowish, a little broader than usual.
Upper side of the thorax ashy-gray without any gloss. Pleurae
thinly dusted with grayish, and consequently blacker and rather
glossy. Scutellum dusted with brown, shining black at the tip.
Abdomen shining steel-blue ; the first segment but little shortened,
the second as long as the first, the three following longer ; even
the narrow sixth segment is distinctly visible. Legs black, the
foremost with dark brown knees ; middle and hind tarsi yel-
lowish-red with blackish-brown tip ; the fore tarsi have only

DISCOCERINA. 145

the base brownish-red. At the costal margin of the wing there is
a broad, deep-black band, running from the base to the tip of the
third longitudinal vein ; its posterior limit runs from the base of
the wing along the middle of the discoidal cell to nearly the pos-
terior transverse vein, recedes from it suddenly almost to the third
longitudinal vein, follows this vein first at a little, then gradually
at a greater distance, and lastly turns to its tip ; the posterior
part of the wing is rather dull glassy, and almost grayish at the
axillary angle ; the veins in the latter are brownish, those in the
blackish parts of the wing black. The place of this species in the
system is very deceptive ; for at a superficial view the thickened
costal vein seems to reach only the third longitudinal vein ; but
this deception arises from its color being black as far as the third
longitudinal vein, and very pale between this and the fourth.
Hob. Cuba. (Poey.)

Geii. VI. DISCOCERI1VA MACQ.

The second joint of the antenna has a distinct spine, the third
is rounded ; the bristle pectinated. The face on its upper part is
distinctly keeled, in the middle more or less inflated, receding
again towards the border of the month. Clypeus projecting very
little beyond the border of the mouth or entirely concealed ;
cheeks moderately descending beneath the eyes. The costal vein
attains the fourth longitudinal vein. Upper side of the inter-
mediate tibiae without stout bristles. Discocerina stands between
the genera Psilopa Fall, and Hecamede Hal., being distinguished
from Psihpa by the more rounded form of the third joint of the
antenna? and the keel on the upper part of the face ; from Heca-
mede chiefly by the cheeks descending much less beneath the eyes.
I can describe only two North American species of this genus, yet
four are known to me as occurring in Europe. [Three more
species, reproduced below, have been published by Mr. Loew
since. O. S.]

1. D. lacteipennis LOEW. ^ . Ciiierascens, opaca, antennis, geni-
bus, tibiarum apice tarsisque flavis, alis albidis, vena costali atra.

Opaque, ashy gray ; antennae, knees, tibise at the tips and tarsi yellow ;
wings whitish with deep black costal vein. Long. corp. 0.11. Long. al.
0.12.

Very similar to the European Hecamede costata Loew, but easily
10

146 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

distinguished by its cheeks descending much less beneath the eyes.
Front with yellowish-gray dust. Antennas reddish-yellow, the third
joint a little infuscated on its apical margin ; bristle with a few rays.
Face a little more yellowish than the front, distinctly keeled on its
upper half, then moderately convex, and receding a little towards
the border of the mouth. Eye-rings downwards rather broad;
the uppermost of the bristles, inserted near the eye-rings, is more
removed towards the middle of the face. Cheeks remarkably de-
scending beneath the eyes for a Discocerina. Palpi pale yellowish.
Upper side of the thorax and scutellum rather light ashy-gray.
Pleurce more whitish-gray. Abdomen light ashy-gray, appearing,
on account of the shortness of the first segment, to consist of four
segments, the last of which is at least as long again as the penulti-
mate. Femora and tibiae black, the former with the extreme tips,
the latter with the base and tip yellowish to a greater extent. Tarsi
yellowish with blackish tips. Halteres whitish. Wings whitish,
especially if viewed in an oblique direction. Costal vein black,
the other veins remarkably paler; the second segment of the costal
vein is about half as long again as the third.
Hob. Washington. (Osten-Sacken).

2. D. parva LOEW. 9 . Obscure cinerea, opaca, abdomine nigricante ;
antennis, genibus, tibiarum apice tarsisque flavis, alls cinereo-liyalinis.

Dark ashy gray, opaque, abdomen rather black ; antennae, knees, tibise at
their tips and tarsi yellow ; wings grayish-hyaline. Long. corp. 0.07.
Long. al. 0.09.

Though similar to Discoc. lacteipennis, it is easily distinguished
by its much smaller size, nearly black abdomen and grayish-hyaline
wings not showing any trace of whitish color. Antennae brownish-
yellow, second and third joints brownish on the upper margin ;
bristle with four or five long rays. Face dusted with whitish-gray,
very distinctly keeled on its upper half, farther beneath rather con-
vex, and receding a little again towards the border of the mouth ;
in proportion to the size of the insect, it is narrower than in Dis-
coc. lacteipennis. Eye-rings exceedingly narrow, not becoming
broader downwards. Among the bristles standing in its neighbor-
hood, the uppermost is a little more advanced towards the middle
of the face. Cheeks descending only a little beneath the eyes.
Palpi brownish-yellow. Upper side of the thorax and scutellum
blackish ashy gray, opaque ; the pleura? likewise. Abdomen gray-

DISCOCERINA. 147

ish-black, opaque, almost pure black and shining towards the end;
first segment not strikingly shortened. Femora and tibiae black ;
knees, tibiae at their tips and tarsi yellowish. Halteres white.
Wings grayish-hyaline, with blackish-brown veins; the second seg-
ment of the costal vein is at least half as long again as the third.
Hab. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

3. I>. orliitalis LOEW. . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr.
1861, p. 354, by R. Osten-Sacken.) Cinerea, opaca, colore thoracis magis
in ochraceum, abdominis in nigrum vergente, antennis rufis, oculorum
orbita Candida, alis hyalinis, segrnento costali secuudo tertii longitudi-
nem modice superante.

Cinereous, opaque, color of the thorax merging in ochraceous, that of the
abdomen in black, antenna rufous, orbit of the eyes shining white,
wings hyaline, second costal segment a little longer than the third.
Long. corp. 0.065. Long. al. 0.07.

Head obscure cinereous, opaque, orbit of the eyes rather broad,
not dilated below the eyes, shining white. Face rather broad, the
upper half distinctly keeled, the lower half convex, about six small
bristles each side, which are more distant from the orbita3 than is
generally the case in this genus. Cheeks moderately narrow.
Antennre rufescent, third joint rather obscure. On the upper side
of the thorax and on the scutel the cinereous color merges in
ochraceous ; pleurae somewhat hoary. Abdomen darker than the
rest of the body, black towards the apex, very slightly glossy.
Femora black, hoary, with a whitish pollen ; tibiae and tarsi yel-
lowish, the former with a broad brown ring, the latter with the tip
brown. Halteres white. Wings pure hyaline ; second segment of
the costa a little longer than the third.

Hob. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. D. simplex LOEW. (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr., p.
355, by R. Osten-Sacken.) Cinerea, opaca, antennis nigris, setis faciei
utrinque duabus, genis latioribus, tarsis 'flavescentibus, apicem versus
nigris, alis hyalinis.

Cinereous, opaque, antennae black, two bristles each side of the face,
cheeks rather broad, tarsi flavescent, black towards the apex, wings
hyaline. Long. corp. 0.07. Long. al. 0.09.

Yery like D. lacleipennis, but easily distinguished by its black

148 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

antenna?, the smaller number of facial bristles and their different
position, finally, by its hardly whitish wings. Cinereous, opaque.
Front rather broad, a little darker than the remainder of the body,
with an impressed longitudinal line on each side ; frontal lunule
very narrow, whitish pollinose. Antenna? black, a whitish polli-
nose dot on the upper edge of the second joint, bristle pectinated
with four or five long hairs. Face moderately broad, gibbous, its
upper half distinctly keeled, the lower one convex, receding at the
aperture of the mouth. Two bristles on each side of the face,
approximated to the eyes. The very narrow orbit of the eyes
becomes broader on their under side. Cheeks broader than in
most Discocerince. The cinereous color merges into yellowish on
.the thorax ; on the upper side of the abdomen, especially towards
the apex, it becomes more distinctly hoary. Feet concolorous to
the rest of the body, hoary with a whitish pollen ; anterior tarsi
yellowish, blackish towards the tip; hind tarsi entirely obscure.
Halteres white. Wings hyaline, slightly tinged with an impure
whitish, costal vein not incrassated.
Hub. Maryland. (Osten-Sacken.)

5. I>. leiicoprocta LOEW. 9 (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr.
1861, p. 355, by R. Osten-Sackeii.) Cinerea, abdominis atri segmento
ultimo niveo, alls hyalinis.

Cinereous, abdomen black, its last segment snow white, wings hyaline.
Long. corp. 0.064. Long. al. 0.07.

Front brownish-cinereous, opaque. Antenna? rufous, third joint
fuscous, bristle pectinated with five or six long hairs. Face yel-
lowish-white, its upper half keeled, the lower one convex, furnished
on each side with three strong bristles. The narrow cheeks, as well
as the whole orbit of the eyes, are whitish. Upper side of the
thorax blackish-cinereous, opaque, with short black hairs. Pleura?
whitish pollinose. Scutelluna^concolorous with the thorax. Ab-
domen black, opaque, last segment rather short, shining white.
Fore coxa? black, with a white reflection, yellowish at the tip;
trochanters yellow ; femora black, cinerascent with a whitish pollen,
tip yellow ; fore and hind tibia? black, yellow at basis and apex ;
the intermediate ones entirely flavescent ; all with a whitish re-
flection on the upper side; tarsi yellow, last joint blackish. Wings
hyaline, the third segment of the costa is equal to two-thirds of
the length of the second.

Hob. Maryland. (Osten-Sacken.)

HYPRELLINA. 149

II. HYDRELLINA.

The tribe of Hydrellina is characterized by the hairy eyes, the
absence of a spine on the second joint of the antennas, and the
absence of long bristles on the upper side of the middle tibia?.
The eyes in some genera are covered with very short, close hairs ;
in other genera these hairs are only scattered, but much longer.
Haliday restricts the Hydrellina to the genera Glenanthe, Hydrel-
lia, and Atissa. It seems that some other genera, as Philygria,
Hyadina, and Axysta can by no means be separated from the
Hydrellina, to which they are much more closely related than to
the Epliydrina by their whole organization, and chiefly by the
structure of the head. The hairs on the eyes of some species of
the three last named genera being very sparingly scattered, and
therefore difficult to observe, perhaps it will not be superfluous
to remark that in the Hydrellina the eyes are always longer and
the face is narrowest beneath the eyes, whereas in all Epliydrina
the eyes are rounder, the horizontal diameter being sometimes even
longer than the vertical, so that the antennas stand where the eyes
are most approximated, and the face increases much in breadth
immediately below them. Moreover, in the Hydrellina the hole
of the mouth is never strikingly widened, and the face downwards
never projects much, whereas the great width of the oral cavity
and the great projection of the inferior part of the face is a most
striking character for the Epliydrina, excepting only the genera
Pelina and Ochthera, A confusion between the two last named
genera with any genus of the Hydrellina is suSiciently prevented
by the entire bareness of their eyes.

The genera of Hydrellina may be arranged as follows:

Division 1. Eyes with exceedingly close hair.

, ( Antennal bristle with a short pubescence. GLENANTHE Hal.

( Antennal bristle pectinated. 2

2 ( Face convex. HYDRELLIA Desv.

I Face impressed. ATISSA Hal.

Division 2. Eyes with scattered hair.

, ( Face with bristles on both sides. PHILYGKIA Stenh.

\ Face almost bare. 2

f Costal vein running to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein.
HYADINA Hal.
I Costal vein running to the tip of the third longitudinal vein.

AXYSTA Hal.

150 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Xorth American species of the genera Hydrellia and Philygria
only are known to me.

Gen. I. HYDREIXIA R. DESV.

The species of Hydrellia are very easily recognized by the very
short but exceedingly close pubescence of the eyes, and by the
pectinations of the antennal bristle. The other characters are :
Second joint of the antennae not unguiculated ; face rather narrow
and perpendicular, slightly convex, receding a little towards the
border of the mouth ; opening of the mouth not widened ; cheeks
descending very little beneath the eyes. Legs rather slender;
middle tibiae on their upper side without bristles ; costal vein ex-
tending to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein.

Synopsis of the Species.*

, f Anterior coxae yellow. 1 ischiaca, n. sp.

I Anterior coxse blackish. 2

2 ( Face snowy white. 2 hypoleuca, n. sp.

I Face not white. 3

o ( Face brownish-black, opaque. 3 obscuripes, n. sp.

( Face yellow. 4

r Face dark yellow, narrow, much dilated below. 4 scaptilaris, n. sp.
4 < Face pale yellow, rather broad, but little widened below.

I 5 valida, n. sp.

1. H. iscliiaca LOEW. 9- Subsenescenti-fusca. antennis nigris, facie
punctoque frontali albis, thoracis margine antico pleurisque canis, pedi-
bus ex fusco nigris, coxis anticis, genibus, tibiarum apice tarsorumque
basi ex rufo flavis.

Somewhat brassy brown, antennae black, face and frontal dot white ; ante-
rior border of the thorax and pleura? whitish-gray, legs brownish-black,
anterior coxje, knees, tips of the tibiae and base of the tarsi reddish-
yellow. Long. corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.11.

Face of medium breadth, slightly dilated below, without keel;
the ground color in the middle is more pronounced, giving it rather
a brownish aspect ; on each side of the face there are four little
bristles, one above the other. Palpi yellow, cheeks a little de-
scending. Antennae entirely black ; the bristle in the described
specimen has seven rays. Front proportionately broad, dusted
with brown; the dot immediately above the antennae white. Upper

* The species No. 6 has not been included in this synopsis. 0. S.

HYDRELLINA. 151

side of the thorax dusted with brown ; its anterior border, shoul-
ders, lateral border and pleurte grayish-white with white dust.
Scutellum like the upper side of the thorax, only a little more
glossy. Abdomen almost blackish-brown, not very shining, but
also little dusted. Legs brownish-black; fore coxae yellow, some-
what infuscated at the base ; all the knees brownish-yellow ; end
of the foremost tibias for a little distance and the end of the mid-
dle and hindmost as far as the middle, reddish-yellow; fore tarsi
only at the base, middle tarsi as far as the middle, the hind tarsi
as far as the end of the fourth joint, reddish-yellow. Poisers
yellow. Wings a little grayish ; second segment of the costal vein
nearly half as long again as the third. Hydrell. iscliiaca is rather
similar to the European species: fulviceps Stenh., pilitarsis Steuh ,
and laticeps Stenh. ; from the first it is sufficiently distinguished
by its broader face being dusted with whitish ; from pilitarsis like-
wise by its broader and whitish-dusted face, and moreover by the
pure white color of the frontal dot, the much whiter dust on the
shoulders, anterior and lateral borders of the thorax and pleura?,
and finally by the much more extensive pale color of the legs ;
from laticeps by the rather less breadth of the front and face, by
the wings showing no whitish appearance in any direction, and by
the less extensive pale color of the legs.
Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. H. liypoleuca LOEW. 9 Subsenescenti-fusca, antennis nigris,
facie punctoque frontali candidis, thoracis margine antico et niargine
laterali, pleuris ventreque albo-pollinosis, pedibus nigris, nietatarsis
posticis rufis.

Somewhat brassy -brown, antennae black, face and frontal dot pure white ;
anterior and lateral borders of the thorax, pleurae, and the whole under
side of the abdomen dusted with white ; legs black, first joint of the
hind tarsi red. Long. corp. 0.11. Long. al. 0.12.

Very similar to the European H. incana Hal., which Mr.
Haliday thinks to be the same as H. ranunculi, previously de-
scribed by him. Face snowy white, not very narrow, underneath
broader, slightly keeled in its whole length, beset on each side
with three small bristles. Palpi yellow. Cheeks descending but
little below the eyes. Antennae black ; antennal bristle in the
described specimen with five rays. Front dusted with brown,
opaque; anterior border, but especially the shoulder and lateral

152 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

border dusted with whitish ; the foremost beginning of a grayish-
white middle line is indistinctly indicated. Pleurae dusted with
whitish. Scutellum dusted with brown and opaque. Upper side
of the abdomen only a little dusted, and therefore a little greener
and less opaque. The under side and the part of the upper ab-
dominal plates which is turned downwards, covered with white dust ;
this dust extends to the upper side of the abdomen on the poste-
rior part of each segment. Legs black; first joint of the middl'e
and hind tarsi yellowish-red; first joint of the fore tarsi brown at
the base. Poisers yellow. Wings hyaline, rather grayish; the
second segment of the costal vein distinctly half as long again as
the third. This species diifers from H. incana by the pure white
dust on the anterior and lateral borders of the thorax, as well as
on the pleurae.

Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

I

3. H. ol>scuriceps LOEW. $, . Subsenesceriti-fusca, abdomine magis
virescente, anteunis nigris, facie brunneo-nigra, puncto frontal! albido,
pleuris cinereis, pedibus ex fusco nigris, tarsis posterioribus in basi
nigris.

Brassy brown, abdomen more greenish, antennse black ; face brownish-
black with a whitish frontal dot ; pleurse ashy gray ; legs brownish-black,
base of the middle and hind tarsi red. Long. corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.1.

Face rather narrow above, a little widening underneath, not
keeled, of a brownish-black velvety color; on each side there are
three small bristles, one above the other. Palpi yellow. Cheeks
descending very little below the eyes. Antennas black, in some
directions with a whitish reflection ; antennal bristle in the described
specimen with six rays. The dot immediately above the antennae
dusted with whitish, but not strikingly so. Front and upper side
of the thorax dusted with brown, opaque; anterior and lateral
borders of the thorax as well the shoulder without pale dust.
Pleura pale ashy gray, more brown above. Scutellum of the same
color as the upper side of the thorax. Abdomen brownish metal-
lic-green, somewhat glossy; first segment much shortened, second
and third of equal length, fourth a little longer, fifth as long as
the second and third together, rather broadly truncate at its end,
somewhat convex. Legs brownish-black ; first joint of the pos-
terior tarsi yellowish-red; the first joint of the foremost tarsi
brownish-red only at the base. Poisers yellow. Wings hyaline, a

HYDRELLINA. 153

little grayish; the second segment of the costal vein scarcely half
as long again as the third. Not possessing any of the few Eu-
ropean HydrellifB with dark colored faces, I cannot point out bow
H. obscuriceps differs from them.

Hal. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. II. scapularis LOEW. 9 Subsenescenti-fusca, antennis nigris,
facie ochracea, puncto frontali pallidius flavo, interdum albido, thoracis
margine antico, hunieris pleurisque albo-pollinosis, pedibus nigris, me-
tatarsis posticis rufis.

Brassy-brown ; antennae black, face ochraceous, frontal dot paler yellow,
sometimes whitish, anterior border of the thorax, shoulders, and pleurae
dusted with white; legs black, first joint of the hind tarsi red. Long.
corp. 0.1. Long. al. 0.12.

Very similar to H. hypoleuca, notwithstanding the different color
of its face, but certainly not a variation in color of that species.
Face a little narrower above than in the latter, quite as broad
underneath, thus appearing more dilated below, likewise keeled on
its whole length, but more distinctly and a little less obtusely; on
each side of it there are three small bristles; its color is dark
ochraceous. Antennas black; bristle with five or six rays. Front
dusted with brown, opaque, narrower than in H. hypoleuca; the
dot immediately above the antenna? is dusted with paler yellow or
whitish. Thorax dusted with brown, opaque, the dust not being
so thick as to prevent its color from inclining a little to greenish ;
its outermost anterior border and the shoulders are dusted with
whitish ; the dust of the pleurae is of the same color. Upper side
of the abdomen greener than that of the thorax, slightly dusted,
but also slightly glossy; its under side and the part of the upper
abdominal plates which is turned downward, are but thinly dusted
with whitish. Legs black; first joint of the posterior tarsi yellow-
ish-red ; first joint of the anterior tarsi brown at the base. Poisers
yellow. Wings glassy, rather grayish; the second segment of the
costal vein more than half as long again as the third.

Hob. United States. (Schaum.)

5. H. valida LOEW. 9. Inter majores sui generis; glauco-cinerea,
tota opaca, facie latiuscula pallide ochracea, antennis pedibusque nigris,
basi tarsorum omnium rufa.

Belonging to the largest species of this genus ; greenish-gray, opaque every-

154 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

where ; face rather broad, pale ochraceous ; antennae and legs black ;
base of all the tarsi red. Long. corp. 0.12. Long. al. 0.15.

Face rather broad, becoming a little broader upwards, only
slightly keeled above, ochraceous, with three small bristles on
each side. Palpi yellow. Cheeks slightly descending. Antennae
black; antennal bristle in the described specimen with five rays.
Front greenish-gray and opaque in consequence of its grayish
dust; the dot above the antenna? has a still duller yellow color
than the face and is not conspicuous. Upper side of the thorax
and scutellutn greenish-gray and opaque from its whitish-gray dust.
Pleura? a little paler greenish-gray. Abdomen grayish-green,
opaque, with the fifth segment considerably longer than the fourth.
Legs black; tarsi yellowish-red as far as the end of the first joint;
also the knees, chiefly those of the hind legs, are of this color.
Poisers yellow. Wings relatively to the length of the body, large,
hyaline ; the veins in the neighborhood of the base pale ochraceous ;
the second segment of the costal vein about twice as long as the
third; the posterior transverse vein does not stand quite perpen-
dicularly to the longitudinal axis of the wing, but is slightly
oblique.

Hah. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

6. H. formosa LOEW. 9 (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr.
1861, p. 355, by R. Osten-Sacken.) Atra, thoracis dorso, abdorninis apice
marginibusque nitidis, fronte, thoracis macula lateral! permagna scutel-
loque aterrirnis, opacis, facie, puncto frontali, pleurarurnque vitta supe-
riore, candidis, femoribus nigris, tibiis tarsisque pallidis, alis cinereo-
hyaliuis.

Dark, thorax above, tip of the abdomen and its borders shining ; front, a
large spot on the side of the thorax and scutellum deep black, opaque ;
the face, a dot on the front and a band on the upper side of the pleurae
shining white, femora black, tibiae and tarsi pale, wings cinereous-hya-
line. Long. corp. 0.057. Long. al. 0.064.

Face moderately convex, not keeled, bright shining white.
Cheeks very narrow, black. Front and superior part of occiput
deep black, velvety, with a striking shining white frontal mark.
Antennas black, third joint rufous, margined with black above,
bristle pectinated with scattered black hairs. Thorax very shining
above, on each side a large, deep black, velvety lateral spot.

HYDRELLINA. 155

Scutellum deep black, opaque, with a narrow subcinereous border.
Pleurae black, with a broad, shining white band above. Abdomen
black, opaque, the apical half as well as the lateral borders shining.
Femora black ; tibiae and tarsi pale yellowish, the upper edge of
the former with a white reflection, terminal joint of the latter
black. Halteres pale lemon-yellow. Wings cinereous-hyaline,
second segment of the costa somewhat longer than the third ; third
longitudinal vein ending at the very tip of the wing ; posterior
transverse vein occupying the middle between the basis and the
tip of the wing.

Hab. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. This species, although very much like Philhygria
picta Fall, and the allied species, proves to be a true Hydrellia on
account of the short and very dense pubescence of its eyes.

Gen. II. PHILYGRIA STENH.

Haliday has employed for this genus the name Hydrina, given
by Rob. Desvoidy; but as this name, being derived from Hydra,
is also used in the family of Polypi, it seems more advisable to
adopt for it the name Philygria of Stenhammar ; otherwise this
name would not be used at all, the two other genera, which joined
with -the present, form the genus Philygria of Stenhammar, being
already possessed of their authorized names, Hyadina and Axysta.
The genus Philygria, taken in the present sense, may be character-
ized in the following manner: Second joint of the antennas not
unguiculated; antennal bristle with a short pubescence. Eyes dis-
tinctly hairy, rather rounded, but higher than broad, slightly pro-
minent. Face descending obliquely, narrowed upwards, receding
a little towards the mouth, the anterior border of which is a little
pointed; on both sides there are distinct bristles. Clypeus unde-
veloped ; mentum rather thickened ; cheeks slightly descending.
The costal vein attains the fourth longitudinal vein ; the posterior
transverse vein is rather distant from the border of the wing.

1. I*, fiiscicarnis LOEW. Fusco-cinerea, abdoniine nigricante, facie
flavescente, pedibus nigris, tarsis rufis, in apice fuscis. alis cinerascen-
tibus, cellula discoidali et gutta pone venam transversam posteriorem
limpidioribus, venis transversis fusco-limbatis.

Brownish-gray ; abdomen black'isli, face yellowish ; wings gray with the
discoidal cell and a drop behind the posterior transverse vein more hya-

156 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

line ; transverse veins margined with blackish-brown. Long. corp. 0.9.
Long. al. 0.11.

It lias a certain resemblance with Philygr. femorata Stenh. and
interrupta Hal., namely, the form of its face is almost as in the
latter, and likewise more yellowish on the middle, whitish on the
lateral borders and towards the cheeks. Antennas blackish, ap-
pearing whitish-gray in certain directions, brownish on the inferior
border only, when held against the light. Thorax grayish-brown,
on its anterior border dusted with whitish-gray; its darker stripes
are obsolete, but more visible in the neighborhood of the anterior
border, where they extend a little into the brighter gray color.
Scutellum as the upper side of the thorax. Pleurae gray. Ab-
domen grayish-black, more black towards the end, not glossy.
Legs black, tarsi yellowish-red as far as the fourth joint. Wings
grayish with a hyaline spot behind the posterior transverse vein
and with a rather clearer discoidal cell ; the clearer color of the
latter is only seen if the light shines through the wing and the
wing is looked at in an oblique direction, while the clear spot be-
hind the posterior transverse vein is distinctly seen in every direc-
tion. The two transverse veins have only a very narrow and
ill-defined dark margin, and the posterior transverse vein is a
little less distant from the posterior border of the wing than is
usual in this genus ; the second longitudinal vein being very long,
the second segment of the costal vein is more than twice as long
as the third.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. P. opposita LOEW. % . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr.
1861, p. 356, by R. Osten-Sacken.) Ex cinereo fusca, abdomine atro
nitido, alarum venis longitudiualibus secunda, terti& et quarta nigro-
punctatis, venis transversis late nigro-limbatis.

Cinereous-brown, abdomen black, shining, the second, third and fourth
longitudinal veins of the wings spotted with black, transverse veins
broadly clouded with black. Long. corp. 0.07 0.09. Long. al. 0.095.

Cinereous-brown, opaque. Ocellar triangle large, concolorous,
rather indistinctly separated from the remainder of the front. Two
basal joints of the antennae black, the third black, with the bases
and the apical half impurely rufous. Face narrow, black, with a

HYDRELLINA. 157

whitish pollen, its middle portion flavescent below. Facial orbital
of the eyes narrow, with a white reflection. Thorax obscure,
cinereous brown above, with very narrow, obsolete darker lines.
Pleuras dark cinereous. Scutellum concolorous with the thorax.
Abdomen black, very glossy, a large obscurely cinereous opaque
basal spot, not attaining the posterior margin of the second seg-
ment. Legs yellowish ferruginous, last joint of tarsi black, base
of femora sometimes fuscous. Wings cinereous hyaline, veins
black ; short stumps of veins clouded with black, proceed from the
second, third, and fourth longitudinal veins ; the third vein emits
four such stumps, all of which, except the last, are opposed to
similar stumps on the second vein ; the last segment of the fourth
vein generally emits two stumps; the ordinary transverse veins are
broadly clouded with black. The second segment of the costa is
almost twice as long as the third.

Hab. Pennsylvania. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)
Observation. Phil, opposita is very like P. punctato-nervosa
Fall., but distinguished by a more brown color, a more narrowed
face, darker legs and antenna, a larger portion of the abdomen
colored with black and by a smaller number of dots on the wings.
The facial orbits of the eyes, which are much narrowed in P.
opposita, evidently prove it to be a distinct species.

Note. Some specimens have^/tfe stumps on the third vein, opposed to
four on the second, and more than two stumps on the last segment of the
fourth vein. 0. S.

3. P. deMlis LOEW. % . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1861,
p. 356, by R. Osten-Sacken.) Nigro-cinerea, opaca, antennis totis nigris,
fronte atra opaca, triangulo ocellari maxinio, nigro-cinereo, ultimo abdo-
minis segrnento atro, nitido, pedibus obscuris, genibus, tibiarum anteri-
orum apice, tarsisque flavescentibus, horum apice nigro, alis cinereo-
hyalinis, circa venas transversales infuscatas limpidioribus.

Blackish-cinereous, opaque, antennae entirely black, fro-nt black, opaque,
ocellar triangle very large, blackish-cinereous, last segment of the ab-
domen black, shining, feet obscure, knees, tip of the anterior tibiae and
tarsi yellowish, tip of the latter black, wings cinereous-hyaline, with
clearer spaces round the infuscated transverse veins. Long. corp. 0.05.
Long. al. 0.064.

Blackish-cinereous, opaque. Front black, with a very narrow
white marginal line on each side and the rather large ocellar

158 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

triangle, blackish-cinereous. Antennas entirely black. Face yel-
lowish, orbits narrow, whitish. Thorax above with very narrow
almost obsolete lines. Abdomen a little darker and less opaque
than the thorax, last segment black, smooth. Legs blackish,
knees and tip of the anterior tibiae yellowish, hind tibiee either alto-
gether blackish, or marked with a narrow, very obsolete pale ring,
tarsi yellowish, their last joints blackish. Halteres impure white,
knob somewhat darker. Wings cinereo-hyaline, with clearer
spaces round the infuscated transverse veins, second costal seg-
ment almost twice as long as the third.

Jfab. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. This species is very like Philygr. femorata Stenh.,
but distinguished by entirely black antennse, by a less obtuse an-
terior angle of the ocellar triangle and by a conspicuously longer
second costal segment.

III. EPHYDRIXA.

The JEphydrina are well characterized by their quite naked, prom-
inent, and usually much rounded eyes, by the second joint of their
antennae not unguiculated, and by the middle tibiae without spinous
bristles on their upper side. By the genus Pelina they are nearest
related to the latter genera of Hydrellina. The mentum is much
enlarged and swollen in almost all the genera, the oral cavity
generally of large width. The genera with less widely opened
mouth, as Pelina and Ochthera, so manifestly bear the chief cha-
racters of Ephydrina, that no doubt can arise about their systema-
tic position.

The genera of Ephydrina hitherto established may be arranged
as follows :

Division 1. Clypeus prominent.
, ( The small basal cells of the wings complete. CANACE Hal.

\ The small basal cells of the wings wanting. 2

n ( Oral cavity proportionally narrow.

( Oral cavity exceedingly wide. 4

( Fore femora not thickened. PELINA Hal.

\ Fore femora much thickened. OCHTHERA Lair.

f Costal vein attaining the third longitudinal vein.
4 -| BRACHYDEUTERA Loew.

(. Costal vein attaining the fourth longitudinal vein. 5

EPHYDRINA. 159

fFace on each side with a long bristle; lateral border of the mouth

without bristles. PARYDRA Stenh.

[ Face on each side with several long bristles ; lateral border of the

mouth with bristles. HALMOPOTA Hal,

Division 2. Clypeus retracted in the oral cavity.

1

Claws almost straight, pulvilli indistinct. EPHYDRA Fall.
Claws curved, pulvilli distinct.

( Oral border quite bare. ILYTUEA Hal.

\ Oral border with bristles. 3

o ( Antennal bristle bare. TICHOMYZA Macq.

( Antennal bristle not bare. 4

A ( Antennal bristle pubescent. SCATELLA R. Desv.

(. Antennal bristle pectinated. C^ENIA R. Desv.

The North American Ephydrina known to me belong to the
five genera : Ochthera, Brachydeutera, Parydra, Ephydra, and
Scatella.

Gen. I. OCHTHERA LATK.

One of the most distinct genera of Ephydrina. Front very
broad ; antennal bristle above, with three rays. Face above
moderately broad, with two furrow-like longitudinal impressions
approaching each other very much on the middle, then diverging
from each other as they descend, and finally continued in a direc-
tion parallel to the lateral border of the mouth ; on the surface of
the face there are some fine and short hairs, but no bristles at all.
The face and cheeks descend very deep beneath the large promi-
nent eyes, but are again contracted sensibly towards the opening
of the mouth, rendering it smaller than in any of the other genera
of Ephydrina. Clypeus having the form of a small flat lamella,
projecting beyond the anterior border of the mouth. The fore
coxaB a little prolonged ; the fore femora exceedingly swollen,
furrowed on their under side for the reception of the curved tibise,
which terminate in a spine, and beset with a few small bristles ;
the first joint of the hind tarsi more or less thickened. The costal
vein of the wings reaches to the fourth longitudinal vein ; the
second segment of the costa is proportionally very long; the pos-
terior transverse vein is very oblique ; the third and fourth longi-
tudinal veins converge rather remarkably towards their ends.

Observation. Th. Say has described a fly as Ochthera empifor-
mis ; but on a closer consideration of his "observations on the an-
terior femora, the color of the insect, and its small size, it becomes

160 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

indubitable that he has been deceived relatively to the true charac-
ters of the genus Ochthera, and it is to be supposed that his OcJdhcra
empiformis is an insect belonging to the Tachydromidse.

Synopsis of the Species.

( Face with deep black furrows and dots. 1 exsculpta, n. sp.

( Face without black furrows and dots. 2

9 ( First joint of the hind tarsi but little swollen. 2 mantis Deg.

i First joint of the hind tarsi much swollen. 3

( Tarsi black, face broad. 3 rapax, n. sp.

( Tarsi red, face narrow. 4 tuberculata, u. sp.

1. O. exscillpta LOEW. . Fades angustissiuia, lineis punctisque
exsculptis ornata ; tibiae anticae rufae.

Face exceedingly narrow, with shining-black furrows and impressed black
dots ; fore tibiae red. Long. corp. 0.16. Long. al. 0.16.

A readily distinguished species, not quite equalling the three
following in size. Front narrower than in all the other known
species, almost entirely covered with a large shining spot having
the form of a regular trapezium, near which the color is velvety-
black at the borders of the eyes and brownish on the anterior cor-
ners of the front. Eyes larger and longer than in the other spe-
cies. Face unusually narrow, dusted with yellow ; a shining black
furrow runs from the tubercle placed in the middle of the face to
the border of the mouth, and has on each side a similar furrow,
the under part of which is laterally continued in a parallel direction
to the border of the mouth ; the lateral parts of the face have
some impressed, rather coarse, dots. Clypeus sensibly smaller
than in the other species. The fore femora black ; the fore tibia?
and tarsi red, the first joint of the latter a little longer and a little
less pear-shaped than in the other species. The middle and the
hind legs black ; the tips of the knees and the tibia? on their first
third red ; the first joint of the middle tarsi red as far as the tip,
the following joints being so only at the base ; the first joint of
the hind tarsi is very little swollen, the second and following joints
red at the base.

Hob. Cuba. (Poey.)

OCHTHERA. 161

2. O. mantis DEG. and 9 Pedes nigri, tibiis intermediis non
dilatatis. tarsorum intermediorum basi rufS,, metatarso postico modice
incrassato.

Legs black ; middle tibiae not enlarged, middle tarsi red at the base, first
joint of the hind tarsi only little swollen. Long. corp. 0.24 0.25.
Long. al. 0.2.

I am quite unable to distinguish this species, so common in the
Middle States of the Union, from the European Ochlh. mantis.
It is true, indeed, that in most American specimens the eyes are a
little more distant from each other than in the European; but this
difference in some cases disappears entirely; nor do the European
specimens altogether agree in this respect. The color of the face
is likewise as variable as in the European specimens. As mark-
ings, distinguishing this species from the two next ones, which
resemble it very much, the following may be noted : The ground
color of the legs, in well-colored specimens, is black, only the mid-
dle tarsi being red from their base for a very variable extent. The
middle tibia3 are considerably narrower than in Ochth. rapax and
tuberculata, and entirely dusted on their anterior side; the first
joint of the hind tarsi is very little swollen and rather long.

Halt. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

3. O. tuberculata LOEW. $. Pedes nigri, tibiis intermediis subdila-
tatis, tarsis omnibus obscure rufis, metatarso postico nigro, valde iucras-
sato.

Legs black; middle tibiae a little enlarged ; all the tarsi dark red, the first
joint of the hind tarsi black and very much swollen. Long. corp. 0.18.
Long. al. 0.17.

Yery similar to Ochth. mantis, but its face is considerably nar-
rower in its upper part, and the elevation in the middle of it forms
more distinctly a small double knob. The middle tibia? are broader,
on their outer edge sharper, and polished on a great part of its
anterior side ; the knees of the hind legs and all the tarsi brown-
ish-red, the last joint of the latter more brownish ; the first joint of
the hindmost tarsi black, mueh swollen.

Hob. Illinois. (Schaum.)
11

162 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

4. O. rapax LOEW. ^ . Pedes riigri, tibiis intennecliis subdilatatis,

tarsorum iutermediorum basi rufa, metatarso postico valde incrassato.

Legs black, middle tibise a little enlarged, middle tarsi red at the base,
first joint of the hind tarsi much swollen. Long. corp. 0.16. Long. al.
0.17.

Yery similar to Ochth. tuberculata in the form of the legs, only
the middle tibise are of a less equal breadth, but become sensibly
broader towards their end. It is also very easily distinguished
from Ochth. tuberculata by its broader and shorter face showing
only an exceedingly flat elevation in the middle. Legs entirely
black, only at the base of the first joint of the middle tarsi there
is a slight red tinge; the first joint of the hindmost tarsi is still a
little shorter and thicker than in Ochth. mantis. The wings have
rather a more distinct blackish-gray clouding than in the other
species. It differs from Ochth. mantis by its shorter face, the flat-
ter elevation in the middle of it, and the much shorter and thicker
basal joint of its posterior tarsi.

Hob. Carolina. (Zimmermaun.)

Gen. II. BRACHYDEUTERA LOEW.

Eyes naked, proportionately rather large. Front exceedingly
broad. Second joint of the antennae not unguiculated, as large
as the third, the latter rounded ; antennal bristle with unusually
long rays. Upper part of the face deeply impressed on both sides,
and with a keel, resembling a nose, in the middle; the lower part
of it is very prominent. The anterior end of the oral margin very
much ascending and allowing the convex clypeus to appear. Be-
sides, the whole face is quite bare, with the cheeks descending
but very little beneath the eyes. Legs quite bare, rather slender
and long; anterior tarsi elongated and exceedingly slender; claws
small and delicate, pulvilli rather indistinct. Costal vein of the
wing reaching only to the tip of the third longitudinal vein; second
longitudinal vein exceedingly short and curved towards the costa
like an arch, so that the third segment of the costa is several times
longer than the second; the small transverse vein is unusually dis-
tant from the base of the wing; the posterior transverse vein is at
a little distance from the border of the wing and has a nearly per-
pendicular position ; the last segment of the fourth longitudinal
vein is much attenuated.

BRACHYDEUTERA. 163

1. B. diniicliata LOEW. 9- Superius brunnea, inferius tota Can-
dida.

On the upper side brown, on the whole under side white. Long. corp.
0.130.14. Long. al. 0.1417. '

Dark brown and entirely opaque on the whole upper side. In
well preserved specimens there are, on the upper side of the thorax,
two somewhat grayish-brown, approximated, longitudinal lines,
which commence at the anterior end of the thorax and stop before
reaching the posterior end; between them there is the trace of a
fine pale middle line, which becomes more distinct at the posterior
end of the thorax and is continued through the scutellum; there
are besides two other longitudinal lines, which, being nearer the
lateral border and interrupted in the neighborhood of the suture,
are not truncated posteriorly and continue indistinctly on the lateral
borders of the scutellum. Some specimens show very faiut 'traces
of these markings of the thorax. The keel, resembling a nose, on
the upper part of the face is dark brown ; the remainder of the
face together with the cheeks, and the inferior half of the occiput,
breast, and pleurae, as well as the part of the upper abdominal
plates which are much turned downwards, are almost silvery white;
this color on the last abdominal segments ascends a little to the
upper side of the posterior borders. Legs in well-colored indi-
viduals blackish-brown, only the apical third of the femora and the
first half of the posterior tibia? being more or less reddish-brown;
in less distinctly colored specimens often only the tips of the tibia?
and the tarsi are blackish-brown, all the remainder being brownish-
yellow. Wings hyaline with brownish-black veins, sometimes more
clouded with grayish in the neighborhood of the costa ; the third
segment of the costa is twice and a half or three times longer than
the second.

Hob. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

Observation. A female sent by Poey from Cuba differs from
those received from Baron Osten-Sacken by its brown wing-veins
and clay-yellow legs, the tarsi only being of a dark-brown color ;
but it is only a paler colored specimen of Brachyd. dimidiata,
which became still paler in the course of time.

164 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Gen. III. PARYDRA STENH.

Form of the body short and stout. Thorax and scutellum very
convex. Front very broad. Antennal bristle on the upper side
with a short pubescence, which in some species is difficult to
perceive ; bare towards the end. Face very broad, not so much
vaulted as in the true Ephydrce, but with a convexity descending
more obliquely, on each side with a very characteristic, long, curved,
hair-like bristle, beneath which are some shorter hairs, hardly per-
ceptible in some species. Clypeus prominent. Cheeks descend-
ing beneath the eyes. Lateral borders of the mouth quite bare.
Mentum exceedingly thickened. Legs short and rather clumsy.
The small transverse vein of the wings is behind the middle of
the discoidal cell, consequently proportionately far from the base
of the wing ; the posterior transverse vein is not very near the
border of the wing, and has a more or less oblique position ; the
alula is strikingly large.

The species of this genus may be divided into two sections, the
first of which comprises thickly hairy species with very convex faces.
In North America only naked species, belonging to the second
section, have been as yet discovered ; they are very similar to the
European species of this section ; however, they appear to have
more plastic differences than these, and to be consequently more
easily distinguished from each other. This can be said at least of
the four species known to me, none of which is provided with the
small appendage of the second longitudinal vein distinguishing
some of the European species.

Synopsis of the Species.*

, ( Scutellum with conical warts. 2

I Scutellum without conical warts. 3

2 f Scutellum with two warts. 1 bituberculata, n. sp.

1 Scutellum with four warts. 2 quadrituberculata, n. sp.

o / Face nearly perpendicular. 3 breviceps, u. sp.

I Face descending obliquely. 4 paullula, n. sp.

* The species No. 5 has not been included in this synopsis. 0. S.

PARYDRA. 165

1. P. Mtllbercillata LOEW. and 9. Ex brunneo senescens,
alis cinereo-hyalinis, venis transversis nigro-limbatis, scutello bituber-
culato.

Brassy-brown, wings grayish with black margins of the transverse veins ;
scutellum with two warts. Long. corp. 0.17 0.18. Long. al. 0.17.

Yery similar to Parydra aquila Fall, in size, form, and color.
Face proportionally not very prominent, dusted with brown ; the
characteristic bristle on each side proportionally slender ; upwards
near it, but a little more towards the middle of the face, is a rather
distinct, impressed spot; the shorter hairs inserted beneath it are
hardly perceptible. Orbitae and cheeks very broad ; clypeus very
prominent. Antennae black ; antennal bristle hair-like and bare
towards the end, stouter about the middle, and with a short pubes-
cence on the upper side. Upper side of the thorax with rather
indistinct stripes ; the rows of fine punctures, including the stripes,
a little more distinct than in the other species. Scutellum at the
tip with two not approximated warts, bearing at the end the two
usual small bristles of the scutellum. Legs dark, with only the
tarsi usually red with black tips ; there are individuals with much
darker tarsi ; the white reflection at the base and tip of the tibiae
not very striking. Wings clouded with grayish, having brownish-
black veins and black margins of the transverse veins, in the
neighborhood of which the surface of the wings is more distinctly
hyaline ; the second segment of the costa is nearly twice as long
as the third ; the ends of the third and fourth longitudinal veins
parallel. There are some specimens, the faces of which are dusted
with dull whitish ; but these certainly belong to the same species.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

35. P. quadritll"bercillata LOEW. and >. Nigro-senea, alis
hyalinis, veuis transversis interdum nigro-limbatis, scutello quadritu-
beruulato.

Brassy-black, wings hyaline, transverse veins sometimes margined with
blackish ; scutellum with four warts. Long. corp. 0.17. Long. al. 0.17.

Similar to the preceding species in color, but a little blacker,
not quite equalling it in size. Face generally dusted with white,
the dust less frequently quite yellowish on the upper part; the
under part of the face projects somewhat less than in Parydra Ut,u-
berculata; the characteristic bristle on each side is very slender and

106 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

rather short ; no impressed spot in its neighborhood ; the short
small hairs beneath it are scarcely visible ; eye-rings and cheeks
very broad, but the latter a little narrower than in Parydr. bitu-
berculata. Antenna? black ; the bristle towards its end excessively
slender, being stouter to about its middle, and provided on its
upper side with a hardly distinguishable pubescence. Thorax
rather indistinctly striped ; the two longitudinal lines formed by
fine scarcely visible punctures. Scutellum on its tip with two very
approximated conical warts, on the tips of which are the two small
bristles usually inserted at the end of the scutellum ; on each side
there is a similar tubercle, ending likewise in a small bristle. Tibise
and tarsi usually brownish-red, with blackened tips ; but there are
specimens with the tibiae quite black and the tarsi brown only at
the base, the remainder being quite black ; only in recently devel-
oped specimens the anterior side of the tibia? is dusted with white
on their whole length ; this white dust is generally interrupted
behind the middle of the tibiae. Wings proportionally a little
longer than in the other species ; the second segment of the costa
is about one-half longer than the third; the last segment of the
fourth longitudinal vein is unusually long, showing the trace of a
slight convergency towards the third longitudinal vein ; the fifth
longitudinal vein is truncated immediately behind the posterior
transverse vein ; otherwise the wings are hyaline with a very faint
grayish tinge ; the veins are brownish-black as far as the base, or
frequently brown or brownish-yellow in the neighborhood of the
base ; sometimes this brownish-yellow color on the costal vein ex-
tends to far beyond the middle of the wing ; the transverse veins
in most specimens are not margined, or show only a trace of black-
ish-gray clouding ; but sometimes they have rather broad blackish
margins, the surface of the wing being clearer in their neighborhood ;
these margins are found particularly in specimens which have a
blacker coloration and almost entirely black legs. The deviations
are more remarkable than those occurring in the other species of
Parydra; but there are various transitions between them, which
make it improbable that there is more than one species.
Hab. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

PARYDRA. 161

3. P. toreviceps LOEW. 9 . Nigro-senea, facie subperpendiculari, scu-
tello inutico, venis alarum transversis obscure linibatis.

Blackish-aeneous, face rather perpendicular, scutellum without warts ;
transverse veins of the wing margined with obscure. Long. corp. 0.16.
Long. al. 0.16.

Blackish-aeneous. Face dusted with brown, less projecting
than in any other Parydra known to me, consequently almost
quite perpendicular. Orbita? excessively narrow ; the characteris-
tic small bristle on each side of the face is of moderate length and
rather slender ; beneath it there are a few shorter distinctly visible
hairs. Clypeus very narrow ; cheeks broad. Antennae black ;
the bristle rather slender even at its basal half, hair-like towards
its end, with a short but distinct pubescence on its upper side
reaching beyond the middle. Thorax rather indistinctly striped ;
scutellnm without tubercles, as is the case in the European species.
Femora black. Tibiae reddish-brown, with a little white reflection
at the base and tip, but in the specimen now before me it is too
rubbed off to afford any certainty about its extent and nature.
Abdomen rather shining, almost with a band of whitish-gray hoar
on the posterior border of each segment. Wings rather tinged
with grayish, having blackish margins on the transverse veins, the
surface of the wings being more hyaline in their neighborhood.
The second longitudinal vein is considerably shorter than in the
two preceding species, in consequence of which the second segment
of the costa is but little longer than the third ; the ends of the
third and fourth longitudinal veins are parallel ; the fifth longitu-
dinal vein curves a little posteriorly at the second half of the dis-
coidal cell.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

4. p. paullula LOEW. 9. Omnium minutissima, facie proclivi,
genis angustis.

Very small ; face projecting obliquely, cheeks very narrow. Long. corp.
0.060.07. Long. al. 0.060.07.

A very small species, of which I have only a single somewhat
immature specimen, so that I am unable to say more of its colors
than that they appear to differ little from those of the other species.
Face descending obliquely, and therefore rather projecting with
its lower parts ; the characteristic bristle on each side rather long

] 68 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

and unusually near the border of the mouth. Clypeus and cheeks
excessively narrow. Antennae black, the bristle with fine pubes-
cence to beyond the middle. Scutellum without marginal tuber-
cles ; the two small bristles on its tip rather distant from each
other. Wings in better colored individuals undoubtedly with much
gray clouding and blackish margins of the transverse veins, in the
neighborhood of which the surface of the wings is more glossy;
the second segment of the costa is only a fifth longer than the
third ; the ends of the third and fourth longitudinal veins with a
trace of a slight divergency ; the fifth longitudinal vein extends to
the border of the wing.

This species is very similar to Parydra pusitta Meig.

5. P. a"b"breviata LOEW. % . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr.
1861, p. 357, by R. Osten-Sacken.) Minuta, antenuis tibiisque ferru-
gineis ; alse infuscatse guttis aliquot liyalinis distinctissimis ornatae,
segmento costse tertio secundi longitudinem paulo excedente, venis lon-
gitudinalibus tertia et quarta distincte divergentibus.

Small, antennse and tibiae ferruginous ; wings infuscated, with several
hyaline, very distinct dots, third segment of the costa somewhat exceed-
ing the second in length, third and fourth longitudinal veins distinctly
diverging. Long. corp. 0.07. Long. al. 0.07.

Olivaceous. Antennae obscure ferruginous, the two first seg-
ments and the upper edge of the third, black ; the whole bristle
has a short pubescence above. Face moderately sloping, the or-
dinary bristle on each side is not more approximated to the peri-
stoma than in most of the congeners. Cheeks narrow. Scutellum
not tuberculated. Legs black, knees, tibiee and base of tarsi fer-
ruginous ; the whitish pollen, generally extant on the tibiae of the
allied species, is wanting here. Wings rather short, distinctly
infuscated, marked with seven rather large hyaline spots ; second
longitudinal vein with a very short, hardly perceptible appendage ;
third and fourth veins diverging near the apex ; second costal
segment almost equal in length to the third.

Hub. Pennsylvania. (Osten-Sacken.)

EPHYDRA. 169

Gen. IV. EPHYDRA FALL.

The hairy, exceedingly vaulted, and very projecting face, the
very large opening of the mouth with ciliated border, the con-
cealed clypeus, the nearly straight and rather long claws, and
the indistinct pulvilli, characterize the genus Ephydra. The bris-
tle of the antennae is usually pubescent, sometimes almost pecti-
nated with short rays. The genera nearest related to Ephytfra
are Ccenia and Scatella, the claws of which are curved and the
pulvilli distinct. The genus Tichomyza is not so near to the genus
Epltydra and may be easily distinguished from it by its unusually
large pulvilli.

1. E. atro-virens LOEW. and . Obscure viridis, nitida brun-
neo-pollinosa, antennamm articulo tertio unipili, seta brevissime pube-
rula; quinto abdominis segmento prsecedente breviore, hypopygio
brevi, marginem segmenti quart! posteriorem non attingente.

Dark green, glossy, dusted with brown; third joint of the antennae with a
hair, the terminal bristle with very short pubescence ; , fifth segment
of the abdomen shorter than the fourth, hypopygium short, not reach-
ing the posterior border of the fourth ventral segment. Long. corp. 0.17
0.18. Long. al. 0.170.18.

Exceedingly similar to the European Ephydra micans Hal., so
that I am unable to distinguish the female of the two species, but
the much shorter hypopygium of the male characterizes the species
as a distinct one. Dark metallic green, very shining, but with
brown hoar on the front, thorax, and abdomen, which, distinctly
appearing on an oblique inspection of these parts of the body,
makes them appear brown and opaque; this brown color is least
visible on the abdomen. AntennaB black ; third joint on its outer
side near the base with a single bristle-shaped hair, which is longer
than the joint itself; antennal bristle only with very short pubes-
cence. The front and the sloping space extended between the
antennae and the highest elevation of the face are shining green or
bluish-green. Face dusted with white, which, according to the
observations made in the allied species, may not be a constant
marking; border of the mouth in both sexes with short and rather
fine cilia, quite as in Ephydr. micans Hal. The ground color of
the legs is greenish-black, covered with dust, shining blackish-
green on the rubbed parts. Wings clouded with blackish-gray.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

170 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

Gen. V. SCATELLA ROB. DESV.

This genus contains only smaller and generally not, metallic
species. Front and face very broad ; eyes rounded ; face usually
very convex, hairy and bristled ; border of the mouth ciliated ;
opening of the mouth wide; clypeus concealed; cheeks moderately
broad; mentum swollen. Second joint of the antennas not ungui-
culated ; antennal bristle with fine, usually very short pubescence.
Claws curved, pulvilli distinct. Costal vein of the wings reaching
to the tip of the fourth longitudinal vein ; the small transverse
vein .generally almost exactly beneath the tip of the first longitudi-
nal vein ; the posterior transverse vein not approaching the border
of the wing. The nearest genus is Ccenia, differing, however, from
Scatella by the pectinated bristle of its antenna?.

1. S. favilBiicca LOEW. 9- Cinerea, facie alba, alis cinereo-hyalinis,
obsolete quadriguttatis.

Ashy-gray ; face white ; wings grayish-hyaline with four indistinct clear
drops. Long. corp. 0.12 0.13. Long. al. 0.13.

This species resembles most the European S. sorbillans Hal.,
which is identical with S. argyrostoma Stenh., but differs from it
by its more considerable size, more roughly haired face and gray
color of the dust on the posterior part of the cheeks, on the infe-
rior part of the occiput, on the pleura? and under side of the abdo-
men, on all which parts it is whitish in that species; S. favillacea
wants also the clear drop lying beyond the posterior transverse
vein in S. argyrostoma. The upper side of the whole body is
covered with grayish-brown dust, which on the middle of the tho-
rax and on the scutellum does not conceal the shining of the ground
color; the large spot lying on the middle of the front is shining
greenish. Face very convex, dusted with snowy white, with rather
rough hair and the usual row of curved upwards bristles. Open-
ing of the mouth wide, with distinct black cilia on the borders.
Antennas black ; the pubescence of the bristle is a little longer
and more distinct than in most species of this genus. Upper side
of the thorax not distinctly striped. Pleura? dusted with yellowish-
gray, on their superior border with rather brown dust. Under
side of the abdomen, femora, and upper side of the tibia? with gray
dust. Wings clouded with grayish, having black veins ; of the
five clear drops, peculiar to so many species of this genus, that

SCATELLA. 171

lying beyond the posterior transverse vein is entirely wanting, and
the remaining are rather indistinct ; the second segment of the
costa is at least four times as long as the third; the third and fourth
longitudinal veins are parallel towards their ends.
Hub. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken.)

2. S. lllgeiis LOEW. and J> . Nigra ; alse iiigricantes, guttis hyali-
nis quinque in disco duabusque obsoletioribus in apice pictse.

Black ; wings blackish with five clear drops in the middle and two more
indistinct ones towards the tip. Long. corp. 0.11. Long. al. 0.13.

It differs from the European ^ca^. stagnalis only by somewhat
more acute wings, its somewhat less convex face, and the stripes
of the thorax being a little more distinct ; perhaps on examining
a larger number of specimens it may prove to be only a variety
of it. Black ; face with brownish-gray dust, rather convex, only
a little impressed beneath each antenna, hairy and bristled, with
distinct black cilia on the border of the mouth. Antennae black ;
the bristle with an excessively short, but yet distinct pubescence.
Cheeks exceedingly narrow. Front dusted with grayish-brown,
the spot on the middle of it a little glittering. Upper side of the
thorax likewise dusted with brown, but not without all gloss, with
two distinct whitish-gray longitudinal stripes, but little distant
from each other and beginning on the anterior border, but not
reaching nearly to the posterior border ; besides there are two
short lateral stripes of the same color, beginning at the shoulder-
corner. Scutellum of the color of the upper side of the thorax,
only a little more glossy. Abdomen black, rather glossy towards
the end : the fifth abdominal segment of the male is almost twice
as long as the fourth. Legs entirely black. Wings clouded with
black, having five glassy drops on the middle, in the usual position ;
besides there is an obsolete spot, forming an indistinct clear drop
near the border of the wing between the tip of the second and
third longitudinal veins, and another still less perceptible spot in
the cloudy color beyond the tip of the third longitudinal vein.

Hob. Middle States. (Osten-Sacken).

172 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

3. S. Obsoleta LOEW. 9 . (Translated from Berl. Entom. Zeitschr. 1861,
p. 358, by R. Osten-Sacken.) Opaca, capite toto, scutello pleurisque ex
flavo, pectore et abdomiue ex cano cinereis, antennis pedibusque nigris ;
alse hyalinse, dilute cinerascentes, guttis lirnpidioribus quinque obsoletis-
simis.

Opaque, the whole head, scutellum and pleurae yellowish-cinereous, pectus
and abdomen hoary-cinereous, antennas and feet black ; wings hyaline,
with a pale cinereous tinge ; five almost obsolete clear spots. Long,
corp. 0.07. Long. al. 0.09.

Head altogether yellowish-cinereous, antennae black, face very
vaulted,* peristoma ciliated with moderate hairs. Thorax conco-
lorous with the head, pectus subglaucous. Scutellum yellowish-
cinereous. Abdomen hoary-cinereous, subglaucous, opaque. Legs
altogether black, slightly pollinose with white. Halteres impure
yellow, stem brown. Wings hyaline, tinged with very pale cine-
reous, marked with five clear very obsolete spots ; transverse veins
not infuscated ; second costal segment more than thrice longer
than the third.

Hob. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

* The original has fornicatus, which means forming a rounded arch with
an empty space below. 0. S.

V.

ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CECIDOMYIDAE.

BY BARON R. OSTEN-SACKEN.

It is a peculiarity of the family of Cecidomyidcs that its natural
history has always been studied in close connection with its classi-
fication. This is owing chiefly to the fact that the gall, the produce
of the insect in its first stage of life, is generally a more striking
object in nature than the insect itself. The latter small, tiny, dif-
ficult to preserve on account of their extreme delicacy, still more
difficult to distinguish from their congeners on account of the uni-
formity of their appearance and coloring, would afford a very un-
satisfactory object of study, unless in connection with the varied
deformations which their larvte produce on plants. The study of
this family, different in this respect from most of the other families
of insects, cannot be prosecuted apart from the observation of living
nature, and for this very reason will always be a monopoly of the
naturalist so situated as to afford such observations.

The aim of the present paper is to direct the attention of
American entomologists to this most interesting subject, by giving
an account of the observations already made on the North Ameri-
can Cecidomyidce, as well as a general introduction to the study of
the habits and the classification of this family. The latter has been
extracted chiefly from the two following admirable monographs:

LOEW, Dr. H. Dipterologische Beitrage, Part fourth, Posen, 1850, with a
plate. (Contains a monograph of the European Cecidomyidee.}

WINNEETZ, J. Beitrag zu einer Monographic der Gallniiicken. In the Lin-
naea entomologica, Vol. VIII, Berlin, 1853, with four plates.

I. On the classification of the CECIDOMYID^;.

In the sketch of a systematical distribution of the Diptera, given
by Prof. n. Loew in this volume, he has mentioned the difficulties
attending a sharp definition of this family, and has shown that it
may be naturally divided in two sections.

The species embraced in the first section, which he calls Cecido-
myina, have four longitudinal veins on the wings, the last two of

174

DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

which often coalesce in the beginning of their course, forming a
more or less distinct fork. They have no ocelli, and the first joint
of their tarsi is ranch shortened.

The second section, which Prof. Loew calls Anaretina, has one
longitudinal vein more, which is inserted between the second and
third veins of the first section; this supplementary vein is simple
in Campylomyza and furcate in all the other genera. The first
tarsal joint is not shortened, and in all the genera, with the excep-
tion of Cecidogona, there are distinct ocelli.

The first section, which contains all the gall-producing Cecido-
myidce at present known, comprises two genera of Meigen and a
third genus, discovered by Mr. Winnertz, and of which but a sin-
gle species is described. These three genera are easily distin-
guished by the neuration of their wings, which are always pubes-
cent, and may be characterized as follows :

Cecidomyia Meig. Three or four longitudinal veins ; in the first
case the third vein is forked, thus representing the third and fourth
veins, which are coalescent in the greater part of their extent (figs.
1, 2, and 4; in some rare cases a branch of this fork or the whole

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Asynapta.

Epidosis.

fork becomes obsolete, as in fig. 3) ;
in the second case all the four veins
are simple (fig. 5). Surface of the
wings hairy ; margins with long cilia.
Antennae long, moniliform or cylin-
drical, generally verticillate, seldom

without verticils, from 13 to 36-jointed.

CECIDOMYIA. 1Y5

Spantocera Winn. Three longitudinal veins, which are all sim-
ple (uot forked); the first close by the
costa, the second at some distance from
it, but reaching the margin of the wing-
before its tip (fig. 6). Hairs on the
surface of the wing scaly. Antenna?
filiform, 13-jointed, joints elongated,

Spauiocera.

cylindrical, with a short pubescence and
without verticils.

Lasioptera Meig. Three longitudinal veins, the first and second
of which run very near the costa and are so closely approximated
as to be hardly discernible (fig. 7).
Wings rather short and broad. An- Fig> 7 *

tennfe from 16 to 26-jointed ; joints
subglobular, sessile, with short verticils.
(The sub-genus Clinorhyncha Lw. has
been formed of the Lasiopterce, having
the mouth prolonged in a rostrum.)

The considerable number of. species contained in the genus Ceci-
domyia Meig. and the great variety of their structure have made
a subdivision necessary. The following tabular arrangement of
the sub-genera now adopted has been extracted, with a few modi-
fications, from Mr. Winnertz's work, although the subdivision
itself is chiefly due to Mr. Loew.

CECmOMYIA MEIG.

I. Wings with three longitudinal veins, the third either forming
a fork (figs. 1, 2, and 4), or becoming more or less obsolete towards
the tip (fig. 3).*

A. Cross-vein placed between the root and the tip of the first
longitudinal vein, as in figs. 1 3 : (in this section the cross-vein
is frequently almost obsolete.)

Cecidomyia Loew. The second longitudinal vein reaches the mar-
gin of the wing a little before its tip (although in most cases
this distance is very short, as in fig. 1). Generally the same
number of joints in the antenna of the J 1 and 9; joints either

* In examining the wings of the Cecidomyiae, care must be taken not
to mistake for a vein a longitudinal fold which generally exists between
the second and third longitudinal veins.

176 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

pedicelled or sessile (sometimes pedicelled in the < and sessile
in the 9 ; sometimes of the same structure, pedicelled or ses-
sile, in both sexes).

Diplosis Loew. The second longitudinal vein reaches the margin
of the wing at or beyond its tip (fig. 2). Antennae of the male
26 (2 + 24) jointed, sometimes with one rudimental joint
more; joints pedicelled, simple joints alternating with double
ones (Tab. I, f. 11 and 12), seldom all joints simple. Antennae,
of the 9 14 (2 + 12) jointed, sometimes with one rudimental
joint more; joints pedicelled, cylindrical.

Asphondylia Lw. The second longitudinal vein reaches the margin
of the wing a little beyond its tip (as in fig. 2). Antennae of
both sexes with the same number of joints; the latter, cylin-
drical, sessile, with a short pubescence and without verticils.
(A single European species is known.)

Hormomyia Lw. The second longitudinal vein reaches the margin
of the wing either at or beyond the tip. Thorax more or less
gibbose, frequently extending over the head in the form of a
hood. Joints of the antennas pedicelled ; those of the 9
pedicelled or sessile.

Colpodia Winn. The second longitudinal vein forms a curve before
the cross-vein and joins the margin a little beyond the tip of
the wing (fig. 3). Cross-vein rather large, oblique. (A single
European species is known in the female sex only; the joints
of its antennae are pedicelled. This sub-genus, which is un-
known to me, must be very difficult to distinguish from Epi-
dosis.)

B. Cross-vein very oblique, originating at the root of the first
longitudinal vein (fig. 4).*
Dirhiza Lw. Second longitudinal vein hardly undulating before

the cross-vein; joints of the antennae sessile or almost sessile

in both sexes. (A single species is known.)

* The sections A and B, as denned by MM. Loew and Winnertz, seem to
be somewhat difficult to distinguish. According to the latter, the cross
vein in the section B almost assumes the appearance of an intercalary
longitudinal vein; it begins at the root of the first longitudinal vein, runs,
although very indistinct, alongside of it and then turns obliquely towards
the second longitudinal vein, which thus almost appears to be its continu-
ation, or, in other words, to have two roots.

CECIDOMYIA. 177

Epidosis Lw. Second longitudinal vein sinuose before the cross-
veiu (fig. 4) ; joints of the antennae pedicelled in both sexes;
their number variable.

II. Wings with four longitudinal veins (fig. 5).

Asynapta Lw. The cross-vein is sometimes like that in section A,
and then the second longitudinal vein is not sinuated ; some-
times as in section B ; then the second longitudinal vein is
sinuated, like in Epidosis (fig. 5) ; in this case also the collare
is a little prolonged.

The classification of the section Anaretina Loew, is very imper-
fect ; almost nothing is known about their habits, and even their
position in the system is doubtful. Mr. Loew considers them, at
least provisionally, as a sub-section of the Cecidomyidee, whereas
Mr. Winnertz prefers to isolate them as a distinct family, placed
between the Cecidornyidae and the Mycetophilidte, and having many
points of relationship to both.

Following the authority of Mr. Loew in this volume (p. 7), I
will confine myself to the enumeration of the genera which he
refers to this section, adding only short sketches of their characters
as I find them in the former writers.

I. Ocelli extant ;

Wings bare or almost bare ; third longitudinal vein forked, the two

following veins simple.

Antennae 16-jointed; ^ verticillate, joints pedicelled; > pubes-
cent, joints sessile; branches of the fork of the 3d longitudinal
vein very arcuated at base (fig. 8, wing). ZYGONEUKA Meig.

Antennae 9-jointed, short, slightly pubescent ; joints subsessile, sub-
globose (fig. 9, wing). ANAEETE Hal,
Wings pubescent ;

Third longitudinal vein forked.

The upper branch of the fork forms a double curve, almost in the

shape of an S ; (see Plate I, fig. 13.) TRITOZYGA Lw.

The upper branch of the fork forms a single smooth curve ;

antennae 16-jointed, verticillate, joints pedicelled; antennae

10-jointed, pilose, joints moniliform (fig. 10, wing).

CATOCHA Hal.
12

178 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

Fourth longitudinal rein forked ; antennse 11-20-jointed ; moni-
liform, pilose ; joints pedicelled ; 9 subrnoniliform, joints sessile,
pubescent (fig. 11, wing). CAMPYLOMYZA Meig.

II. Ocelli wanting ; third longitudinal vein forked ; first longitudinal vein
very short ; wings pubescent ; antennse moniliforin, verticillate ;
> submoniliform, pubescent.

Antenna; 16-jointed (fig. 12, wing). LESTREMIA Macq.

Antenna; 11-jointed. CECIDOGONA Lw.

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Campyloniyza.

Lestremia.

For further details as well as for the references, see Walker, Diptera
Britannica, Vol. Ill, which also contains beautiful figures of all the genera.
As to the new genus Tritozyga Lw., formed on an American species, Mr.
Loew thus characterizes it in a manuscript note of his :

" The whole structure of its body shows the nearest relation to
Gampylomyza; the form of the legs and wings is as in that genus;
the wings (Tab. I, fig. 13) have the same short pubescence and cilia,
and the three ocelli are just as distinct. The differences are the
following. 1. The vein, which in the second section of Cecidomyida;
is added to the number of the veins of the first section, is not
simple, but forked, in the new genus, and therefore approaches in
some measure the genus Anarete; 2. The very thick longitudinal
vein is not forked as in Campylomyza, but simple. The new genus
cannot be confounded with Anarete, the species of which have a
much more slender structure, a very elongated first joint of the tarsi
and the third longitudinal vein of the wing bipartite as far as the
base. From Lestremia and Cecidogona it differs in quite a similar
manner, and besides by the presence of ocelli, which are wanting
in both genera. The antenna? are mutilated in the single specimen
which I have before me (a male from the District of Columbia),
therefore I can say nothing of the number of their joints ; their

CECIDOMYIA. 179

structure is as in most Campylomyzce. The number of the joints
of the antennae being of a higher value, among the Gall-gnats, for
the distinction of species than for that of genera, since almost
every genus comprises species with very different numbers of joints
of the antenna?, I abstain from giving a name to the species known
to me so incompletely ; as to the genus, which can never be mis-
taken, I propose for it the name of Tritozyga."

II. On the habits of the CECIDOMYIDJS.

The food of the larva? of Cecidomyia is of a vegetable character.
A few apparent exceptions will be mentioned below. They
furthermore seem to live in preference on living plants; neverthe-
less several species of the subgenera Epidosis and Diplosis, have
been reared by Mr. Winnertz from decaying wood ; Gee. fuscicollis
Meig. (?) has been reared by Bouche from decaying bulbs of tulips
and hyacinths. (Instances like that of Gee. bicolor Bouche, found
in dung during winter, must be received with caution, as the larva?
may have gone there for transformation only.) Although the
majority of these larva? attack the soft and green parts of plants,
some of them live under the bark of trees, in the cones of pines
(Cec. strobi Kalt. ) or in fungi '(Diplosis polypori Wz., Asynapta
lugubris Wz., etc.)

Again, most of the larva? are monophagous, that is, each species
lives exclusively on a certain species of plant, or, at least on closely
allied plants; Mr. Winnertz remarks that even those found under
the bark of trees follow the same rule. Exceptions are Cec.
sisymbrii Schr., which, according to Mr. Winnertz, inhabits in
May and June a gall on Berberis vvlgaris, and from June till No-
vember a somewhat different gall on Nasturtium sylveslre (Winn.
1. c. p. 209 and 231) ; Gecid. arcuata Wz., has been found in the
pappus of different syngenesists, in decaying wood and fungi.
Besides these, there is a class of larva? which live as guests or
parasites in galls formed by other Cecidomyia (Cec. acroplnla Wz.
and pavida Wz. live socially in the deformed buds of Fraxinns
excelsior; Diplosis socialis Wz. inhabits the gall of Lasioptera
rubi ; Dipl. tibialis Wz., has been reared from the same gall with
Cec. salicina Schr., etc.); or by Acari (Cec. peregrina Wz., and
similar cases, observed by Loevv.) Some even live in the society
of Aphides. According to Mr. Winnertz the larva? of the sub-
genus Diplosis principally, share these parasitical habits; even

180 D1PTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

those living under the bark of trees or in fungi are seldom found
alone, but for the most part in the society of other larvae (Winn.
1. c. p. 206). Thus, the larva of a species of Diplosis has been
found in a stem of Saroihrium scoparium, together with larvae of
Hyhsrnus and Apion.

Among the larvae with an exceptional mode of life, those should
be mentioned which live on the surface of the plant, as that, ob-
served by Mr. Loew on the leaves of Veronica Beccabunya, or those
of Diplosis ceomatis Wz., and D, coniophaga Wz. found on the
leaves of a rose-bush overgrown with the fungus Ceoma miniatum,
on which they feed. The American species, probably also a Dip-
losis, which I have called Cec. glutinosa, and which will be described
below, has a similar mode of existence on the surface of hickory
leaves.

The greater number of larvae penetrate inside of the plant, so
as to be concealed from view during their development. Their
presence is generally indicated on the outside of the plant by some
deformation. Every part of the plant, from the root to the flower
and the fruit, is liable to such attacks. But each species of Ceci-
domyia always attacks the same part of the plant, and deforms it
in the same way. (Exceptions seem to be rare; Cec. tremula Wz.
has been reared from two galls of different shape, both found on
the poplar ; the insects differed only in size).

The deformations thus produced are very numerous, and several
unsuccessful attempts have been made to classify them according
to the nature of their origin and their shape. At one extreme of
the series is the true gall, a vegetable growth of constant and de-
finite form, attached to the plant by a very small portion of its .
surface and not otherwise deforming that part of the plant (of this
class are, for instance, the numerous galls, described below, ou the
leaves of the hickories) ; at the other extreme is the simple defor-
mation, folding of a leaf, swelling of a leaf-rib, arrest of the growth
of a bud or a stalk, etc.

The egg of Cecidomyia is elongated, rounded at both ends,
orange-yellow, or whitish. The time within which the larva is
hatched is very different, and depends on the state of the weather;
in a great heat, the hatching sometimes takes place within a few
hours ; generally a few days are required. Mr. Loew supposes,
however, that the species having but one yearly generation remain
much longer in the state of eggs.

CEC1DOMYIA. I Si

When first hatched, the larva is colorless, transparent, with a
translucent green, yellowish or red stomach; later in life it assumes
different shades of red (orange, pinkish, cochenille-red) or becomes
yellow or whitish; the color of the same species may also some-
what change with age. All these larvce have the extraordinary
number of fourteen joints, thus affording an apparent exception from
all other larvaj of insects, which, as a general rule, have thirteen
joints. The supernumerary fourteenth joint is placed between the
head and the first thoracic (stigma-bearing) segment. It may be
considered either as a part of the head, or as a prolongation of
the first thoracic segment. Number and position of the stigmata
are normal ; one pair on the first thoracic segment, and eight
pairs on the first eight abdominal segments, so that the ninth or
last segment bears none. Sometimes the last pair of stigmata is
removed from its usual lateral position, more towards the middle
of the segment. In one case (Gee. pini Deg. and the American G.
pint inopis) this last pair is placed apparently on the last segment;
but this segment is in reality the eighth, the ninth segment being
in this larva unusually small and concealed under the eighth. The
stigmata are horny, more or less nipple-shaped projections.

The skin of most larvas appears finely chagreened under a strong
magnifying power; in some cases it is perfectly smooth. The
dorsal segments of Gee. sarotliamni Lw., G. genista; Lw., etc. are
uneven ; those of G. craccce Lw., G. quercus Lw., G. fuscicollis
Bouche, etc. are furnished with bristles or sparse hairs ; those of
G. entomophila Ferris with hairs arranged in regular rows ; those
of Gecid. pini Degeer, and of two larva? which I found in this
country {Gee. pini inopis 0. S. and Gee. glutinosa, nov. sp.), have
rows of fleshy, setiferous caruncles along the back. (It is to be
noticed here that both Degeer and Dufour, in describing such
larva?, mistook the back for the venter, and described these carun-
cles as pseudopods. See Deg. Mem. VI, Tab. XXYI, fig. 9 19,
and Dufour, Ann. Soc. Ent, de Fr., 1838, p. 293).

The last abdominal segment is smooth and rounded, or furnished
with two setiferous tubercles {Gee. pini), sometimes uneven and
bristly, or excavated, or armed with a pair of horny processes,
frequently curved upwards. Dufour saw a larva use these pro-
cesses for leaping.

The structure of the head and of the organs of the mouth is
but imperfectly known. What Mr. Katzeburg saw (see his paper

182 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

in Wiegmann's Archiv, vol. vii. p. 233, with a plate) and what I
have found confirmed by my own observations, may be reduced to
the following : The horny parts of the head consist of a ring with
two processes extended backwards; a soft, fleshy swelling which
protrudes through this ring is taken by Ratzeburg for the labium ;
two openings in the tipper part of the ring emit a pair of two-
jointed organs which this author and L. Dufour believed to be
palpi, but which I would rather consider as rudimental antennas,
especially on account of their position on the upper side of the
head. (Laboulbene and Perris entertained the same view.)

On the under side of the body, at the juncture of the first
thoracic segment with the supernumerary (14th) segment, there is
a horny, more or less elongated piece, projecting with its anterior
part, whereas its posterior end is concealed under the skin of the
first thoracic segment, and more or less translucent. This organ,
the use or the homology of which is unknown, is peculiar to the
larva? of Cecidomyia, and seems to be seldom wanting. (I found
under the bark of a tree a full-grown larva which, for its structure
I believe to be a Cecidomyia, although it showed no trace of this
breastbone.) It may be that this organ is used for locomotion,
although I hardly would consider it as homologous to the pseudo-
pods of the larvas of Chironomus and Ceratopoyon. If the sup-
plementary (14th) segment be considered as a part of the head,
this breastbone might be taken for the menturn, in^analogy to the
horny mentum of the larvae of the Tipularice. The form of this
organ is variable in different species ; sometimes it ends anteriorly
in two points, with an excavation between them ; sometimes in
one elongated point ; or it is serrated, etc.

The remaining part of the under side of the body sometimes
shows other organs of locomotion. The larva of Gee. entornophila,
according to Perris, has three slender, elongated, pointed, sub-
corneous, approximated projections in the middle of every ventral
segment. Gee. fu&cicollis Bouche (Bouche, Naturg. der Ins. p.
25), has a pair of elongated, pointed pseudopods under each
thoracic segment, and three such pseudopods under each abdomi-
nal segment. Bouche's figure of the latter closely resembles
Perry's figure of the pseudopods of Gee. entomophila.

The motions of the larvaa, except those few, living on the surface
of the leaves, are generally slow ; but those which change their
abode before assuming the pupa state become very active about

CEC1DOMYIA. 183

that period. Winnertz observed an extraordinary activity in some
such larvae after a thunder storm ; they left their hiding-places un-
der ground, and crawled about restlessly for some time ; they did
the same after every thunder storm, some of them even two mouths
after having left their galls.

The larvae of several species, for instance, Cec. loti, Gee. pisi,
and Cecid. rumicis, have the power of leaping. Mr. Loew remarks
that all such larvae belong to the sub-genus Diplosis. Cec. popidi
Duf. performed its leaps by straining the horny hooks at the tip
of its abdomen against the under side of the thoracic segments.
(Dufour, Ann. Sc. Nat., 2e se"r. XVI, p. 257.)

" The want of horny organs of mastication," says Mr. Winnertz,
"authorizes the supposition that a lesion of the plant does not take
place ; it is much more probable that the larva has the power of
producing in the plant some peculiar irritation, which causes an
overflow of the sap necessary for its food. How little the larva
requires for its support is evident from the circumstance that it
attains its full growth and development in a gall just large enough
to inclose it, a gall apparently hermetically closed, for the most
part with hard walls, which do not show the least sign of internal
lesion. It seems even as if a certain amount of moisture alone
was sufficient to sustain these larva?, especially when a great num-
ber of them live socially in the same gall (from ten to fifteen larva?
in the pea-sized bud of Cardamine pratensis; from fifty to sixty
in another kind of gall, etc.). Another proof of the small quan-
tity of nourishment required by these larvae is, that no excrements
are to be found in their place of abode."

"The only exception known to me of this extreme frugality,"
says the same author, "are the larvae of two species which live on
the leaves of the white rose, attacked by the fungus Ceoma minia-
tum. These larvae not only lick the sap exuding at the bottom of
the heaps of spores, but they also greedily consume the spores
themselves, and their intestinal canal is always filled with them."

The observation of Vallot (Mem. de Dijon, 1827, p. 95), that
a larva of Cecidomyia (C. acarivora) found on the surface of the
leaves of Chelidonium feeds by sucking Acari, as yet requires con-
firmation. Winnertz saw Cecidomyia-\arv& living as guests in
deformations produced by Acari, greedily lick their hosts, but he
never found in such galls an empty skin of an Acarus. As to the
larvae of Cecidomyia inhabiting galls, produced by other species

184 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

of the same genus, it is a question, according to Winnertz, whether
they take the same food with their hosts, or live on their excre-
ments. Ferris (Mem. de Lille, X, p. 274, with figures) found
Cecid. entomophila in an insect-box, living on the excrements of
the minute Acari abounding in such boxes ; he compares them,
apparently with good reason, with the larvsa of Cecidomyia found
under the bark of trees, among the excrements of the xylophagous
insects. These larvae underwent their transformation in the cor-
ners of the box.

It is very probable that the larvae of Cecidomyia, like most of
the dipterous larva?, do not undergo several moultings. I do not
find any mention about it in the authors. Only Dr. Harris states
that C. tritici casts off its skin before going under ground for
transformation.

Before assuming the pupa state, some larvae of Cecidomyia leave
their galls and abscond themselves under ground, under dry leaves
or moss, or under the bark of trees. Other larvae, on the contrary,
undergo their transformation within their gall.* In both cases
the pupoa are frequently, although not always, inclosed in a cocoon.
Winnertz positively denies that the larvse spin this cocoon ; ac-
cording to his observation, the latter is, so to say, exuded by the
larva. He found that larvse which had fastened themselves to a
leaf, were encircled within twenty-four hours by a white halo, con-
sisting of tiny thread-like particles, which seemed jo grow some-
what like crystal-needles ; the larva during this time remained
perfectly motionless. The cocoon is perfected within a few days,
and even then, under a strong magnifying power, no genuine
thread is perceptible.

The mode in which the papa state is assumed has been de-
scribed by Dr. Harris in a posthumous paper published in the
Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 179.
"The approaching change is marked by an alteration of the color
of the anterior segments of the larva, which (in the case of Cecid.
salicis Fitch) from orange become red and shining, as if distended
by blood. Soon afterwards, rudimentary legs, wings, and antennae
begin, as it were, to bud and put forth, and rapidly grow to their
full pupal dimensions, and thus the transformation to the pupa is

The larva of Cecid. terminalis Lw., according to Winnertz, varies in
its habits. It sometimes goes under ground, and sometimes traiisforms
within the willow leaves deformed by it.

CECIDOMYIA. 1 85

completed." The peculiarity of this process is, that the transforma-
tion is undergone without shedding the larva skin, and, as the same
observation has been repeated by Dr. Harris on the larvae of C.
destructor Say and G. tritici Kirby, it is very probable that it ap-
plies to all the larvae of the genus. I do not find this fact men-
tioned in the European authors.

Instead of a cocoon, the pupa of Cec. destructor Say is inclosed
in an oblong, brown case, which is nothing but its own hardened
pupa-skin. "The larva of this insect, says Dr. Harris (I. c.), when
it has come to its growth, remains fixed and motionless on the
culm of the wheat. Its body contracts and soon takes the form
and color of a flax-seed. While this change is going on externally,
the body of the insect gradually cleaves from its outer dry and
brownish skin. When this is carefully opened, the included insect
will be seen to be still in the larva state. It does not change its
condition until a few days before it discloses the winged insect,"
etc.

Cecid. graminicola Kalt. and another Cecidomyia, mentioned by
Dr. Fitch as forming an imbricated gall on Agrostis lateriflora,
undergo a similar kind of transformation, their pupae being inclosed
in the dry larva-skin.

However different the mode of transformation of Cecid. pini
Deg., C. pini maritimce Duf. , and Cec. pini inopis 0. S. may ap-
pear, the pupoa, of which are inclosed within a cocoon of resin, it
is in perfect analogy with the preceding instances. The process
by which the cocoon is formed is exactly the same as that described
above by Dr. Harris. The larva of the American species C. pini
inopis 0. S. observed by me in the environs of Washington, fastens
itself to a pine leaf and remains motionless until the resinous sub-
stance which it exudes abundantly, begins to harden ; the larva
then gradually frees itself from the contact of the cocoon-like case
thus formed. It is very probable that this cocoon is nothing but
the outer larva-skin, saturated with resin.

The pupae of Cecidomyice show a close resemblance to those of
the Tipvlce fungicolce, especially those of Sciara. As in the latter
genus, the bases of the antennas are often produced in points ;
these frontal projections are sometimes long, approximated, and
resemble horns (Cec. sarothamni, see Winnertz, 1. c. Tab. I, f. 6,
or Cec. verbasci Dufour, Ann. Sc. Nat., 3e se'r., Yol. IY, p. 5-24,
with figures, 1845); in other cases they are smaller and at some

186 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

distance from each other (Cec. salicina, 0. veronica, etc., see Wz.,
1. c. f. 3, 4). Behind these horns, two pairs of bristle-like pro-
cesses may be observed in most pupae. The first pair is also on
the head, close by the horns, the second on the thorax. Both
vary in size and strength in different species. The second, tho-
racic pair, has been taken by some authors for a spiracle. These
projections and horns, especially the frontal ones, aid the pupa in
working its way through the gall or from underground, before
entering its last stage of existence. The dorsal segments of the
abdomen are, for the same purpose, frequently rough with spines.
The tip of the abdomen is sometimes smooth; in other instances
it bears a few bristles.

After the exclusion of the perfect insect, the pupa-skin remains
frequently hanging on the outside of the gall.

Some species of Cecidomyia have only one, others more than
one yearly generation. The summer generation of the latter kind
remain but a short time in the pupa state; the winter generation
much longer.

The Iarva3 of Lasioptera resemble those of Cecidomyia in their
structure as well as in their habits. They frequently have the
same reddish color and the peculiar breast-bone. L. rubi Ileeger
and the N. American L. vitis O. S. produce swellings in the stem
of the plants which they inhabit. L. pusilla Heeger forms galls
on the leaves of Sonchus, L. cerris Kollar on those of the oak
( Quercus cerris).

III. On the North American CECIDOMYIA hitherto observed and

their galls.

The species of N. A. Cecidomyice at present known, may be
distributed into three categories, according to the extent of our
knowledge concerning them. About the species of the first cate-
gory, nothing but the description of the perfect insect is extant,
its habits remaining unknown ; as to those of the second category
we are acquainted with the first stages of their existence, especially
with the deformations they produce, without knowing the perfect
insect; finally, to the third category belong those, the habits of
which, as well as the perfect insect, are described.

The following is a synopsis of the species recorded by previous
authors, as well as of those mentioned in this paper:

CECIDOMYIA. 187

I. Perfect insect described, habits unknown.

C. ornafa Say, Long's Exped. App. p. 357. Wied. Auss. Zw. I, 22, 2.
C. caliptera Fitch.

C. cerealis Fitch.

} Dr. A. Fitch, Essay on the Wheat-fly, etc.
C. tergata Fitch.

C. thoracica Fitch. J

C. spongivora Walk. List of Dipt. Brit. Mus. I, 30.

Campylomyza scutellata Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. Ill, 17, 1. Wied. Auss.

Zw. I, 22, 1.

Tritozyga, sp. Lw. (see p. 178).
Diplosis maccus Lw. The following note on this new species was furnished

by Mr. Loew :

" Gall-gnats cannot be recognizably described from single dried
specimens, unless they are distinguished by some striking peculiar-
ities. I feel no temptation at all to describe species which have
no such peculiarities, and allow myself an exception only with the
following Diplosis on account of its remarkable beauty.

D. macciis LOEW. and J. (Tab. I, figs. 11 and 12.) Flavida,
thorace fusco-vittato, antennarnui artieulis nigris et pallidis alternanti-
bus, alis violaceo-maculatis, tibiis tarsisque nigro-annulatis.

Yellowish, thorax with fuscescent stripes ; the joints of the antennae alter-
nately black and whitish ; wings with violet-blue spots ; tibiae and tarsi
annulated with black. Long. corp. 0.08. Long. al. 0.11.

Yellowish ; the joints of the antennae alternately black and
yellowish-white, the simple joints being black, the double joints
yellowish-white ; also the hairs of the black joints are black, and
those of the light ones light. Thorax with three brown longitu-
dinal stripes coalescing anteriorly, the intermediate one reaching
only to the middle of the thorax, the lateral ones running as far as
its posterior margin. Abdomen without dark bands. Coxa3 yel-
lowish. Fore and middle femora black on the upper side and
tips, the outermost extremity of the tip being yellowish ; hind
femora with a black line not reaching far beyond the middle, and
with the tips black. Tibiae black ; anterior ones with a very broad
yellowish ring beyond the middle, the hind ones with such a ring
at their base and a second ring beyond the middle. Anterior tarsi
black on the first, short joint, at the base of the second and at
the tips of the second, third and fourth joints ; the hind tarsi have
the same markings with the exception of the base of the second

188 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

joint, which is not black. Poisers yellowish, the base of the knob
blackish. Wings yellowish, appearing almost golden yellow in an
oblique direction, with bright spots of a violet reflection. Before
the second longitudinal vein there are two such spots, the first
immediately beyond the tip of the first longitudinal vein, the
second between the first and the tip of the second longitudinal
vein. Between the second and third longitudinal veins there are
three violet spots, the first of which is the largest ; it is situated
under the first costal spot and runs far towards the base of the
wing in the form of a wedge without sharp limitation ; the second
is the smallest, and is placed below the yellowish space between
the two costal spots ; the third is a double spot almost S shaped,
and united to the second costal spot with its anterior end. Behind
the third longitudinal vein the violet color prevails to such an
extent as to leave only two golden spots, one of which is placed
behind the anterior branch and the other immediately behind the
posterior branch of the third longitudinal vein. The cilia of the
wings are quite pale yellowish, but blackish where the violet spots
reach the margin of the wing.

Hob. Washington. (Osten-Sacken.)

This species resembles very much the European Diplosis pavo-
nina Loew, but is easily distinguished from it by the smaller ex-
tent of the violet color of the wings, the smaller extent of the
black color of the legs, and the sharper limitation of both colors.
Whether the male of Diplosis pavonina has likewise the joints of
the antenna? alternately dark-colored I do not know, as I did not
succeed in discovering it; judging, however, by the appearance
of the antennas of the female, this does not seem to be the case."

II. Galls or larva? known, perfect insect unknown. (The descrip-
tion of these galls and larva? is given below, under the indi-
cated numbers.)

On hickories, Carya, of different kinds, seven species, besides one belonging

to the third category. (Nos. 1 8.)
On the golden-rod, Solidago, of different kinds, two species, besides other

two belonging to the third category. (Nos. 9 12.)
On Vaccinium (or Gaylussacia ?), one species. (No. 13.)
On the scrub pine (Pinus inops), two species. (Nos. 14 and 15.)
On the red maple (Acer ruhrum"), one species. (No. 17.)
On the ash (Fraxinus arnericana), one species. (No. 18.)
On the oaks of different kinds (Qaercus'), four species. (Nos. 19 22.)

CECIDOMY1A. 189

On the wild grape (Vitis~), one species (No. 24), besides another belonging

to the third category.

On the hornbeam (Carpinus americana*) one species. (No. 25.)
On the tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulipiferum),iwo species. (Nos. 26 and 27.)
On the willow (Salix), one species (No. 28), besides one belonging to the

third category.

On Impatiensfulva, one species. (No. 30.)
On the blackberry (Rubus i-illosus), one species. (No. 31.)
On Agrostis lateriflora (?), one species. (No. 32.)

III. Perfect insect described, and its habits known.

On the cereals (wheat, rye, etc.).

f About the habits of these well-known insects, see
C. destructor Say. j Dr. Harris's Treatise, etc., and Dr. Fitch's papers :
C. tritici Kirby. The Hessian Fly (Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc.,

I vol. VI), and The Wheat Fly (ibid. vol. V).
C. culmicola Morris. See Dr. Harris's Treatise, p. 465.
On the locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) .

C. robinix Hald. Amer. Jouru. Agric. and Sc., vol. VI, 193. Harris,
Treatise, etc., p. 452. (Haldeman's paper is also reproduced in the
Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. VI, January, 1859.) The larva
lives upon the leaves, the margins of which it deforms into a roll.
It is evident, from Mr. H.'s description of the perfect insect, that
it belongs to the sub-genus Diplosis. (See also Fitch, Reports, vol.
II, No. 332.)

C. pseudoacacix Fitch, Reports, vol. II, No. 331. The larvse injure the
tender young leaflets near the tip of the stem, causing them to be
folded like a little pod (in July and August). They transform
under ground.
On the gooseberry (Ribes uva crispa).

C. grossularise. Fitch, Reports, vol. I, p. 176, and vol. II, No. 150. The
berries turning red prematurely and becoming putrid, contain the
bright yellow larvze. Dr. Loew thinks that the perfect insect be-
longs to the sub-genus Asphondylia. (See p. 7.)
On the willow (Salix rigida and S. lucida).

C. salicis Fitch, Am. Quart. Journ. Agric. and Science, vol. I, p. 263.
(See also Dr. Harris's paper in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. VII,
January, 1860.) The gall is a woody tumor, surrounded by the
dry and brittle terminal bud, at the tips of the twigs. It contains
but a single larva. The name of the species must be changed, as
there is already a European C. salicis. I propose to call it C. riyidie.
On the alder (Alnus serrulata).

C. scrrulatce 0. S. (See below, No. 16.)
On the hickory (Can/a).

IHplosis caryae. 0. S. (See No. 1.)
On the wild grape.

190 DIPTERA OP NORTH AMERICA.

Lasioptera vitis 0. S." (See No. 23.)
On the golden rod (Sottdago).

C. solidaginis Lw. (See No. 9.)

C. hirtipes 0. S. (See No. 10.)
On Chrysopsis mariana.

C. chrysopsidis Lw. (See No. 29.)

In comparing this list with similar enumerations existing for
European Cecidomyice, but few cases of analogy will be found.
Such cases are, for instance, the habits of C. pini inopis, nov.
sp., which correspond exactly to the European C. pini Degeer ;
the gall of G. strobilo'ides, nov. sp., on the willow, which is repre-
sented in Europe by G. strobilana Brerai; the analogy between the
gall on Fraxinus americana (No. 18) and that of C. bolularia Wz.
of the European ash, is more doubtful ; likewise that between the
deformation of C. erubescens, nov. sp. (No. 20) on the oak leaves,
and a similar deformation described by Mr. Loew (C. quercus Lw.)

Two galls occur on the American wild grape, whereas none has
been discovered on the European grape; likewise, although eight
galls are already known to occur on the hickory (Cctrya), none is
recorded as belonging to the European walnut (Jng/ans). Al-
though galls have been found on the European maple, alder, and
blackberry, they are different from those recorded below on the
American species of these trees and shrubs. Robinia, Lirioden-
dron, and in some degree Solidago, being peculiar to America,
their galls could not, of course, be expected to be found in Europe.

I will proceed now to give a condensed description of the ob-
servations which I had occasion to make on Cecidomyice during
my residence in this country. Those observations were made in
the environs of Washington, unless otherwise mentioned. I have
followed a practice adopted in Europe, in giving names to species
known only on account of the deformations they produce, the per-
fect insect not having as yet been reared. This affords the advan-
tage of being able to designate each described gall by a fixed
name. In order, however, to distinguish such species from those
the gall-fly of which has been reared and described, the first are
simply put down as new species (n. sp.), whereas the names of the
authors have been mentioned after the specific names of the latter
(Lw. or S.)

CECIDOMYIA. 191

1-8. On hickories (Carya) of diiferent kinds.

The numerous galls of Cecidomyice occurring on the hickory are
found indifferently on the various species of this tree. I have
noticed also that whenever a spot is found where one of the galls
occurs in abundance, some of the other kinds are sure to be found.
Thus the galls of Gee. holotricha and those of Diplosis caryce, or
those of the latter with the galls of Cec. tubicola are frequently
met with on the same leaflet.

These galls may be distributed as follows (the numbers from 1 to
8 corresponding to those of the descriptions given below) : A. True
galls, fastened to the under side of the leaf and breaking off easily.
a. Bare. 1. Snlglobular, with a small nipple at the tip, diam.
0.05 to 0.1. 2. Elongated onion shaped, a little larger than the
preceding. 3. Conical, contracted at base, blood red or purplish.
4. Cylindrical, erect, inserted in a cylindrical socket, b. Pubes-
cent. 5. Subglobular, with a nipple at tip (or short onion shaped),
pubescent with ferruginous. 6. Subglobular, without nipple at
tip, finely downy. B. Other deformations. 7. Swelling of the
midrib at the base of the leaf. 8. Yellow spots on the leaves ;
larva living on the leaf, not within it.

1. Diplosis caryce O. S. Gall Subglobular, smooth, seedlike,
0.05 to 0.1 in diameter, with a small nipple at the tip. In sum-
mer they are yellowish-green and their shell is soft; in winter they
become brownish, and the shell, although thin, is hard and woody.
They begin to grow in June. I gathered them in October, when
the larva was full grown.

Each gall contains a single larva; it is white, and stouter in
proportion to its length than most larva? of Cecidomyia. The
breast-bone has two sharp points anteriorly, with an excavation
between them; the tip of the last abdominal segment has no horny
processes. It undergoes the transformation within the gall. The
pupa resembles, by the structure of its head, that of C. sarotJifnnni
Wz., figured by Mr. Winnertz in his monograph (/. c. tab. I, f. f>);
namely, the pointed projections at the basis of the antennas are
closely approximated and not remote, as in other species.

After having kept these galls on moist sand all winter, I ob-
tained the fly in April. (Description drawn from a fresh specimen.)

D. caryae 0. S. and 2. Antenna; pale; J 26-jointed;
alternate joints a little larger than the intermediate ones; verticils

192 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

moderate; pedicels between the joints rather short; 9 14-jointed,
joints subsessile ; front and mouth pale ; collare with a blackish
edge posteriorly, ending on both sides in a short, black streak on
the pleurae ; thorax pale, with three broad, almost contiguous
blackish or grayish stripes ; the intermediate one is subcuneiform
and slightly capillary towards its posterior end, which, for this
reason, appears slightly bifid ; it does not reach the scutellum ; the
lateral ones are rounded anteriorly, narrowed posteriorly, and end
just before the scutellum in a short, black streak, communicating
with a brown triangle on the side of the scutellum, so that the
latter, being pale itself, is inclosed on both sides by the black
streaks and the brown triangles; a couple of black dots are visible
on the pleurae ; a pale brown spot on the pectus, between the first
and the second pair of coxae ; a brown spot at the basis of the
lialteres, which are pale; abdomen reddish, hardly darker laterally,
and with a tuft of hair on each side, near the posterior margins of
the segments ; legs pale, with a minute, appressed black pubes-
cence, which makes them appear blackish; wings immaculate; the
second longitudinal vein joins the costal at the apex of the wing
or immediately beyond it ; cross-vein indistinct or none.

2. C. carycecola, n. sp. Gall somewhat larger than the preced-
ing, elongated onion-shaped, with the tip prolonged in a point,
pale green. Found through the summer either in separate clusters,
or mixed with other galls, for instance that of C. holotricha.

3. C. sanguinolenta, n. sp. Gall conical, narrowed at the basis,
blood red or purplish, about 0.15 high and 0.12 broad. I found
them for the first time about the middle of July. At this time
they were solid inside, except a narrow hollow near the basis which
contained the small, somewhat yellowish larva, with a distinct,
pointed, spear-shaped breast bone. These galls occur in nume-
rous clusters on the same leaflet.

4. C. tuMcola, n. sp. Gall narrow-cylindrical, erect, about 0.15
or more long. They break off easily, being inserted in a small
protuberance on the leaf, with a sharp-edged socket in the centre,
in which the cylinder fits exactly. Their color, when ripe, is more
or less brownish, pale greenish at base. They are hollow inside
and contain in October a whitish larva with a breast bone ending
anteriorly in a single, elongated point. They generally occur in
clusters. Some of these galls are found covered with a viscous
fluid.

CECIDOMYIA. 193

Early in summer I frequently found a gall of the same form, but
smaller, generally reddish at the tip and easily distinguished by the
absence of the basal piece in which the other is inserted ; it is
simply fastened to the leaf by a minute pedicel. Besides, it occurs
always singly, frequently on the edges of the leaves, whereas the
other gall is for the most part found in clusters. Is it the same
species?

5. C. holotricha, n. sp. Subglobular, pubescent, onion-shaped
galls. Diam. up to 0.1 or a little more.

They resemble the galls of D. caryce in shape, but are somewhat
larger and covered with a pubescence which is pale when the gall
is young and growing, and becomes rust-colored in the stage of
ripeness. I have observed two modes of occurrence of these galls ;
either they are scattered in numbers, as many as a hundred on the
same leaflet, or they grow in a row along the mid-rib of the leaflet ;
in the latter case they are generally larger, and being packed close
together, assume an irregular shape. It is very probable that these
two forms belong to two different species, and in this case I would
retain the above name to the first form. Galls of the first form
begin to grow in June ; in September and October I found the
white larva apparently full grown. The breast-bone has one elon-
gated point anteriorly and two projections on both sides, about the
middle. At the same time I find in my diary that in some of these
galls (it is not distinctly stated which), I had found a pale orange,
apparently full grown larva, with the breast-bone ending anteriorly
in two triangular points with a rectangular excision between them.

6. C. persicoldes, n. sp. Gall round, 0.1 to 0.2 in diameter,
smooth, without nipple-shaped tip, yellowish or red, clothed with
a delicate down like that of peach, and looking somewhat like a
diminutive fruit of this kind. I found these galls more seldom
than the others.

7. C. cynipsca, n. sp. Rounded, irregular, hard swelling on
the under side of the hickory-leaf, on the midrib, near the base of
the leaf, about half an inch long. When I found it (in July) it
was pale yellowish, and contained, in several small hollows, minute
whitish larva?, with a breast-bone narrowed anteriorly and ending
in a point.

8. C. ylntinosa, n. sp. The small yellowish-orange larva forms
no gall, but lives in the open air on the under-side of the leaf, to
which it is attached by a viscous substance probably secreted by

13

194 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

the leaf. The presence of the larva is indicated on the other side
of the leaf by a round yellow spot. The structure of the larva is
peculiar : it has rows of fleshy, pointed tubercles along its back,
like the larva of C. pini inopis (described below), with which it
agrees in some respects in its habit of fastening itself to the sur-
face of the leaf by means of a viscous substance.

9. C. solidaginis Lw. Gall on Solidago produced by the arrest
of the growth of the stalk, which causes the leaves to accumulate
round the same spot and thus to produce a large imbricated de-
formation. It begins to appear already in July, but the flies
escape only late in the fall. The following description of gall and
fly have been prepared by Mr. Loew :

" The gall (Tab. I, fig. 8) represents a globular head of the size
of 1| to 2 inches formed by hundreds of leaves, the exterior ones
being only little altered, the interior ones becoming more and
more narrow ; on a closer examination we easily perceive that this
structure results from the coalescence of several deformations at
the tips of abortive twigs ; in a specimen which I dissected I
counted five such shortened twigs. At the top of each twig there
is a single gall, without compartment, somewhat of the shape of a
very small seed, and having in its interior a cavity widened a little
underneath. The tip of one of them (Tab. I, fig. 10) showed at
its end three small convergent lobes, giving it the appearance of
being produced by three coalescent leaves. I could not discover
this structure in the others ; I found only a rounded, rather irre-
gular opening at the tip. The insect which produces this defor-
mation likewise belongs to the genus Cecidomyia in the restricted
sense.

C. solidagiiiis LOEW. and 9. (Tab. I, fig. 4 7.) Fusca, ab-
domine fasciis rufis et nigris picto ; antenuarutn flagellum in mare arti-
culis 20 vel 21, in foemina circiter 18 ; ake pilosse, nigricautes, venula
transversa nullo, ; terebra foemiiise modice elongata.

Fuscous, abdomen with black and red bands ; flagellum of the antenna?
with 20 or 21 joints in the male, with about 18 in the female; wings
hairy, blackish, without transverse veinlet ; borer of the female mode-
rately long. Long. corp. ^ 0.1G, J 0.17. Long. al. and 9 0.16

0.17.

Thorax with the pleura? sometimes brown, sometimes dark fus-
cous, with black hairs. Abdomen of the female with distinct

CECIDOMYIA. 195

black and red transverse bands, the latter less distinct in the
male ; hairs of the abdomen blackish with a lighter reflection.
Antennae of the male with 20 or 21 brown flagellar joints with
rather long peduncles, the uppermost being much smaller than
the preceding ; the verticillate hairs very long and rather light.
The female has generally some flagellar joints less, and its joints
are round, with shorter hairs and without any peduncle. The
female ovipositor has a very moderate length and is little pointed.
Legs of the female black without white reflection. Legs of the
male much longer and more slender than those of the female; hind
tibia? and tarsi everywhere with a white reflection, which, on the
fore and middle tibia? and tarsi, is chiefly seen on the under
side. Poisers black. Wings blackish on account of their close
and long hairs ; between the first and second longitudinal veins no
transverse vein is visible; the second longitudinal vein towards its
end is very little curved exteriorly ; the anterior branch of the
third longitudinal vein is distinct and nearly straight." (Descrip-
tion drawn from dry specimens.)

10. C. hirtipes 0. S. Rounded gall at the tip of stunted stalks
of Solidago, sometimes nearly an inch in diameter, smooth, brown-
ish on the outside, solid inside, containing several larvae in different
compartments. I found them in August, and obtained the fly on
the 17th of September.

C. hdrtipes 0. S. 9. Antennas reddish-black, 22-jointed,
joints short, subcylindrical, almost subglobular, gradually decreasing
in size towards the tip, separated by pedicels which are shorter than
the joints, yerticillate-pilose ; head dark reddish with black hairs
on the vertex; eyes contiguous on the front; thorax blood-red, its
back blackish, the usual three stripes being almost coalescent and
separated by rows of erect black hairs ; collare blackish above ;
pleura3 blood-red, with indistinct black dots ; scutellum and meta-
thorax red, the first with black hairs; halteres reddish at base, the
club deep black ; abdomen red, upper side of the segments with a
blackish, apressed, rather sparse pubescence ; coxa? reddish, feet
deep black; wings with a dense, blackish pubescence; costa black,
especially along its middle portion ; second longitudinal vein reaches
the margin at or close by the tip of the wing ; cross-vein indistinct.
(Description drawn from a fresh specimen.)

11. C. carbonifera, n. sp. Pale, circular spots, surrounded by

196 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

a purplish-black ring, on the leaves of Solidago; under each spot,
inside of the leaf, several larva?. I found them commonly in Au-
gust, and observed that the hollow space within the leaf was fre-
quently filled with a hard, black substance, not unlike charcoal.

12. G. racemicola, n. sp. Bud-shaped gall among the racemes
of Solidago. It has about 0.1 in diameter, is green, and looks
exactly like a bud, but is easily distinguished from the buds of
Solidago by its stout, rounded form. Each gall contains a single
reddish larva. Not rare in September.

13. 0. vaccinii, n. sp. Gall on the leaf of Vaccinium (or Gay-
lussacia ?), in the shape of a cock's comb, I found near Wash-
ington, in October, one single leaf with two galls of this kind,
arising from the central rib. The largest of the galls was about
0.15 high and 0.2 broad about the middle. They were green, and
resembled pretty much a cock's comb, or, still better, an oyster,
fastened by its hinge. After having been kept for some time on
moist sand, both burst open exactly like the valves of a shell, and
a reddish larva escaped from each. Both wandered for some days
in the bottle in which I kept them, and inclosed themselves after-
wards in delicate semitransparent cocoons, formed above the sur-
face of the sand, between some chips of paper which I had provided
for them. Unfortunately, both died without undergoing their final
transformation.

14. C. pini inopis, n. sp. Resinous cocoon on the leaves of
the scrub pine (Pinus inops}. Similar cocoons have been observed
on the European pine, and described a century ago by Degeer.
Ratzeburg, in his Forst-Insecten, describes and figures the same
cocoon, as well as the larva and the perfect insect, C. pini Deg.*
Dufour (in the Ann. Soc. Entomol. de France, 1838, p. 293) gives
an account of a Gecidomyia with precisely similar habits, which he
observed on the South European pine (Pinus maritima), and which
he called G. pini maritime.

The larva producing these cocoons is remarkable for two rows
of oblong, pointed, fleshy protuberances along its back, and a
similar row on each side. (See Ratzeburg, Forst-Insecten, III,
Tab. x, f. 14, L.) Early in April I saw some of these larvae
emerge from a small hollow between two terminal buds, where
they had probably spent the winter, and crawl along the leaves,

* See the same figures of cocoon and larva in Wiegm. Archiv, etc.,
vol. VII, p. 233.

CECIDOMYIA. 191

aided in this by a resinous substance which they exuded abund-
antly. Having readied a certain height on the leaf, they stop and
remain quiet till the resinous substance covering them becomes
hard and assumes the shape of an oblong, whitish, semi-transparent
cocoon. Then the larva may be seen moving to and fro inside of
this cocoon. I did not succeed to rear the fly from the cocoons
which I brought home, and when I returned to the same spot in
the woods about a month later, the cocoons were already empty.

According to Ratzeburg's statement the European species spends
the winter in the cocoon. The American species, as just shown,
forms its cocoon only in the spring. As, nevertheless, it may be
identical, or at least closely allied to G. pini Degeer, I subjoin here
the description of the latter, translated from Mr. Winnertz's mo-
nograph. (Compare also Ratzeb. 1. c. Ill, p. 159.)

C. (Diplosis) pini Degeer. Antennae somewhat longer than
the body, brown, basal joints yellow, verticils snow-white ; joints
strong, stout, on short pedicels, double joints three times as long
as the pedicel, the last joint with a very small, nipple-shaped pro-
jection ; hypostoma and front pale reddish or brown; palpi reddish-
yellow; thorax brownish-black or black, with two rows of white
hairs from the collare to the scutellum, and one row from the shoul-
der to the origin of the wing ; pectus blackish ; pleurae reddish-
brown ; halteres white ; abdomen reddish-brown, with white hair,
forceps blackish ; feet brown with white articulations, under side
silvery-white ; posterior feet with a silvery-white reflection when
viewed in a certain light; wings milky white, with a white pubes-
cence, the costal and the two first longitudinal veins brown, the
third longitudinal vein pale ; transverse vein pale, but distinct,
very oblique, situated a very short distance beyond the middle of
the first longitudinal vein ; third longitudinal vein straight, turning
towards the posterior margin in an obtuse, rounded angle ; the
second longitudinal meets the costal immediately beyond the tip of
the wing.

9 Antennae a little more than half as long as the body, brown
with gray verticils, basal joints yellow; joints of the flagellum
about five times as long as the pedicel, last joint ending in a small
bud-shaped appendage ; hypostoma reddish-yellow ; front reddish-
brown ; palpi and thorax as in <^; halteres brown ; abdomen red-
dish-brown, with short whitish hairs, more dense and with a silvery
reflection laterally ; ovipositor short, yellow, with two small oval

19S D1PTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

laraels ; femora and tibiae and the anterior pair of tarsi superiorly
black or black-brown ; inferiorly white with a silvery reflection ;
the posterior tarsi have the two basal joints black or black-brown
superiorly, silvery white inferiorly; the three last joints are silvery
white, sometimes with blackish articulations ; wings gray, irides-
cent with a dense, blackish-brown pubescence and brown veins ;
cross-vein distinct, very oblique, situated a little before the middle
of the first longitudinal vein; second longitudinal as in , the
third likewise, although almost perpendicular to the posterior mar-
gin. Length g 9 0.1 to 0.15.

15. C. brachynteroides, n. sp. Swelling at the basis of the leaves
of the scrub pine (Finns inops). In consequence of this swelling
the pairy leaves diverge, their bases coalesce, and the sheath at
the basis of the bunch bursts. In July these swellings contain
several small reddish larvae; in winter I found them empty, but
having observed some larva? hanging on cobwebs near these galls,
I conclude that they undergo their transformation under ground,
and were caught in these cobwebs in the attempt to leave the gall.

The habits of this Cecidorayia seem to be very like those of C.
brac/tyntera Schwagr. living at the base of the pairy leaves of the
European Pinus sylvestris. Still, the latter produces no gall or
swelling whatever, and causes the leaves only to wither ; it also
goes under ground for transformation. (See Ratzeburg, Forst-In-
secten, Vol. Ill, p. 160.)

16. G. serrulalce 0. S. Deformed terminal buds of the common
alder (Alnus serrulata).

The buds appear enlarged, rounded, pointed at the tip, having
from three to five lines in diameter. In autumn they are greenish ;
in winter withered, brown, and frequently covered with a whitish
efflorescence. Each gall contained in October from two to six red-
dish larva?, lodged in the same compartment. In winter the galls
are found empty, as the larvae go under ground. By keeping some
of these galls, gathered in October, on moist earth, I obtained the
fly in the following April. It belongs to the sub-genus Cecidomyia
Loew. The description has been drawn from fresh specimens.

C. serrulatae 0. S. <g and 9. Head andantenna3 brownish ;
mouth and palpi paler; antennas 18-jointed in both sexes; joints
verticillate and on moderately long pedicels (</); subcylindrical,
subsessile (9); thorax blackish superiorly, the usual three stripes

CECIDOMYIA. 199

being coalescent; their intervals are indicated only by longitudinal
crests of erect hairs; a reddish spot before the scutellurn; the lat-
ter brownish with two black streaks at the basis ; sternum brown-
ish; the rest of the thorax, as well as the abdomen, are of a bright
red, especially in the 2, where this red color is more apparent, the
abdomen being so much more distended ; dorsal segments of the
abdomen brown (which color is produced by numerous and exceed-
ingly minute scales, appressed to the body) ; stem of halteres pale,
knob obscurer ; basal half of femora pale ; their apical half, tibue
and tarsi brownish ; wings margined with a brown pubescence
anteriorly and round the apex, especially in the 9; cross-vein not
apparent; the second longitudinal vein reaches the margin a short
distance before the apex.

IT. C. ocellarts, n. sp. Ocelliform, red spots on the leaves of
the red maple (Acer rubruni). They have about 0.3 in diameter ;
the margin is bright cherry red, and there is a round patch of the
same kind in the centre. The interval between them is pale. They
appear brighter on the upper side of the leaf; on the under side
in the centre is a small depression occupied by a small, transpa-
rent, colorless larva. I found them in this state at the beginning
of June. Later in the season I observed that the spots had lost
their fresh color, and that the larva had disappeared ; I suppose it
drops to the ground to undergo its transformation.

18. C. pellex, n. sp. Rounded oblong, succulent, subpellucid
galls on the ribs of the leaves of the ash (Fraxinus americana).
Diameter, 0.15 to 0.2. They are pale green, and the more ripe
ones are slightly colored with brownish. The principal convexity
is on the upper side of the leaf; on the under side the leaf-rib
appears swollen, pale green in the middle, and whitish on both
sides. Each gall contains a whitish larva; some of these galls
were double. There were one or more (as many as six) galls on
the same leaf. Towards the end of June I found many of these
galls shrivelled and dry, and suppose therefore that the larvas had
gone under ground. A gall apparently similar to this has been
discovered on the European ash, and described by Bremi and
Winnertz.

19. G. niveipila, n. sp. Deformation of oak leaves, consisting
of a large fold with a white pubescence on the inside. It begins
very early in the spring on the young leaves of the white oak and
other kinds of oak. The egg is probably deposited on the upper

200 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

surface of the leaf, on one of the ribs. The irritation caused by
the larva produces a fold or cavity in the leaf, lined inside with a
white pubescence. The under side of the leaf shows on the cor-
responding spot the swollen rib, which is pale green, bordered on
both sides by the same white pubescence. The galls, according
to their size, contain more or less larvae, sometimes ten or more.
When this deformation is very large, it involves the whole leaf,
which is folded in two along the midrib, the under side forming
the outside of the fold, and showing the swollen ribs with the
white pubescence in their intervals. On the 25th of May I found
some of the galls considerably grown, thick, and swollen ; their
pubescence was of the brightest white ; the larvae they contained
were also grown, plump, white. Other galls, on the contrary, had
grown but little, and appeared sickly or withered. They contained
no larvos at all, or their inmates appeared yellowish and sickly. I
suppose that some of them were attacked by parasites, as I found
a minute hymenopterous larva fastened to the skin of one. In
June some of the galls which I brought home were abandoned by
their inmates, which went under ground for transformation, but
perished soon afterwards.

The larva of this gall is white, and has two small horny pro-
cesses, directed upwards, at the anal end of the body ; its breast
bone is truncated, heart-shaped anteriorly.

20. C. erubescens, n. sp. Folded margin of an oak leaf, tinged
with red. This deformation seems to resemble that of C. quercus
Lw. on the European oaks. Occurs in the spring.

21. C. symmetric**, n. sp. Hard red gall on the leaves of dif-
ferent kinds of oak, small and round (between 0.05 and 0.1 in
diameter) when single, but more commonly assuming an irregular
shape by the coalescence of a number of them.

I find them chiefly and in large numbers on leaves of Quercus
falcata in autumn. They sometimes invade almost the whole sur-
face of the leaf, and have exactly the same size and shape on both
its sides. The single round galls contain one larva, the compound
ones a number of them, depending on the size of the gall, but each
in its own compartment. The red substance of the crust shows
many cracks, when the gall is ripe, and is easily detached. Under
it is a harder, almost woody, yellowish substance. When the dry
leaves with such galls fall to the ground, the red part of the crust
generally crumbles away in part, partly it is found erect, forming

CECIDOMYIA. 201

a jagged fence round the gall. Such galls are generally empty,
the larva? having perhaps gone under ground, although one of the
specimens which I brought home was inclosed in a delicate cocoon
inside of the gall.

The larva is reddish, and has the usual breast-bone with a deep
excision in the middle anteriorly ; the two lobes thus formed are
rounded.

These galls, as I remarked before, protrude symmetrically on
both sides of the leaf. On other kinds of oak, especially the quer-
citron oak (Q. tinctoria), I found similar galls, but on the upper
side of the leaf only, without the corresponding excrescence on the
under side. Those I brought home were abandoned by their larvae,
which went under ground. Thus I am very uncertain about the
identity of both galls, as well as about the habits of the insects.
As all these galls were found with larvae late in autumn, it is evi-
dent that the fly escapes very early in the spring.

22. C. poatlum, n. sp. The so-called oak spangles (Fitch, Rep.,
vol. II, No. 40), small, circular, somewhat saucer-shaped scales,
from 0.1 to 0.2 in diameter, reddish or purplish, covered with a
white efflorescence, attached to the leaf by a short pedicel, common
in autumn on different kinds of oaks, are generally found empty.
In the beginning of August I found a similar gall, yet succulent
and greenish, on the post oak (Q. obtusiloba), and inside of it a
small whitish larva having all the appearance of the larva of a
Cecidomyia, although, on account of its minuteness, I did not suc-
ceed in discovering the breast-bone.

Dr. Fitch is in error when he states that these galls are " per-
fectly the same" as those noticed by Westwood, Introd., II, p.
130. The European galls of this kind are pilose externally, as
stated by Westwood and figured by Reaumur (Mem., vol. Ill, Tab.
XL, f. 13); the American ones, at least those which came under
my notice, are smooth.

23. Lasioptera vitis 0. S. Swelling of the stem and leafstalks
of the wild grape. This irregular succulent swelling, which be-
comes red on its stouter and riper portions, extends not only along
the stem and leafstalks, but also invades the leaf-ribs. It contains
round hollows of about 0.1 in diameter with an orange-yellow
larva in each. Some of the hollows are often abandoned by their
inmates and invaded by numerous Tltrips. Having brought this

202 DIPTERA OF NORTH AMERICA.

gall home, I noticed that the larvae went under ground arid ob-
tained the fly on the 29th of June.

Li. vitis 0. S. 0.04 long, pale reddish, head blackish, antennce
black, apparently 23-jointed, filiform, joints broader than long,
sessile, with a short pubescence (they answer exactly Winnerlz's
figure of the antenna of L. rubi Wz., I. c. Tab. IY, f. 14), two
basal joints yellow, thorax blackish above, with a golden pubes-
cence near the collare and down to the origin of the wings ; scu-
tellum pale reddish, abdomen covered superiorly, on each segment,
with rows of blackish scales ; legs pale reddish, wings with gray
pubescence, anterior margin with a black fringe of hairs.

24. G. viticola, n. sp. Elongated, conical, red galls, 0.25 to 0.3
long ; on the upper side of the leaves of the grape.

On the 16th of July, when I found them, they contained pale
orange larvae, the breast bone of which had two points anteriorly,
with several small indentations between them. The tip of the body
ended in two curved, horny points, directed upwards.

25. Cecid. pudibunda, n. sp. Fold on the leaf of the hornbeam
(Carpinus americana), tinged with red on the outside. It is gen-
erally situated between two of the side ribs, and runs, therefore,
obliquely towards the central rib. Inside of this fold I found, on
the 15th of June, exceedingly small whitish larva? ; when magnified
they appeared semi-transparent, with an orange spot about the
middle of the body, and with numerous short, erect bristles ; the
head is distinct, as well as two short antennae; although I did not
perceive the breast-bone, I have no doubt, from the appearance of
these larvae, that they belong to this genus.

26. G. Hriodendri, n. sp. Brown spots with a yellow or green-
ish aureole on the leaves of the tulip-tree (Liriodendron tidipifera).

These spots, about 0.2 or 0.3 in diameter, indicate the presence,
inside of the leaf, of a leaf-mining larva of Cecidomyia. It is about
one line long, orange, the exserted portion of the breast bone is
truncated heart-shaped ; the tip of the body has two short, horny
points, directed upwards. (Similar spots on the same tree are
produced by a lepidopterous larva.)

27. G. tidipiferce, n. sp. Swelling of the midrib of the leaf
of the tulip-tree. One of these swellings, which I found on the
27th of July, contained several pale orange larvae of Cecidomyia.
They had two short, erect, horny points at the end of the body ;

CECIDOMYIA. 203

the protruding portion of the breast-bone consisted of two trian-
gular projections with a triangular excision between them.

28. C. stroMlo'ides, n. sp. Terminal buds of the willow (the
species is not known to me) deformed in the shape of the cone of
a pine. This deformation, communicated to me by Mr. Rob.
Kennicott, who found them abundantly in northern Illinois, is an
inch or more long and contains several reddish larvaB under each
scale, so that the total number of the larvae in one gall is very
considerable. A precisely similar gall has been observed by Mr.
Bremi on one of the European willows, and is figured in his mono-
graph (Denkschr. d. Schweitz. Ges. fur Naturk., Vol. VIII, tab.
II) under the name of Cec. strobilana. The perfect insect like-
wise remained unknown to him.

29. C. chrysopsidis Lw. The gall (Tab. I, f. 1) occurs in Sep-
tember on Chrysopsis mariana and was communicated to me by
Prof. Schaeffer in Washington. Gall and fly are described by
Mr. Loew as follows :

" The gall consists of a woollen knob of nearly the form and
size of a very small walnut. On the sides there are single pro-
jecting leaves, which appear to have undergone no deformation ;
at the upper end the leaves of the extremity of the shoot seem to
be a little shortened. On removing the rather long hairs of the
knob, the interior may be observed to consist of a very great num-
ber of single galls, which have no compartments, and coalesce here
and there. Each of these galls has an obconical form, unless
modified in consequence of